ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

FOR MECHATRONIC
SYSTEMS:

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SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS

1. Diode
2. Bipolar Junction Transistor
3. Field Effect Transistor

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 DIODE
formed by joining a piece of P-type material to a
piece of N-type material.
a two-terminal electronic device allowing current to
flow easily in one direction while presenting a high
resistance in reverse direction.
a device used in applications such as rectification,
switching, frequency control, oscillation, detection
and signal mixing.
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TYPES OF DIODE:

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DIODE CHECK VALVE ANALOGY

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 CHEMICAL BONDING
A strong force of attraction which holds atom together in a molecule or
crystals.
Metallic Bonding
a force of attraction between atoms in a metal.
Ionic Bond
also called Electrovalent bond or Electrostatic bond
results from attractive forces between positive and negative ions or
between pairs of oppositely charged ions.
Samples are (MgBr2)(NaCl) where metal and non-metal bonds together.
Covalent Bonding
Formed when two or more atoms shared valence electrons between them.
Sharing of electrons between two non-metals.
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COVALENT BONDING

Si

Si Si Si

Si

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 SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS
Intrinsic materials
Semiconductor material that is free from impurities
such as pure Silicon and pure Germanium.
Extrinsic materials
Semiconductor material with some impurities added
to change its electrical properties.

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 EXTRINSIC MATERIAL

Si

Excess
electron
Si P Si

Si

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 DOPING
The process of changing the characteristics of
a material through adding impurities.
Lightly doped have few impurities
Heavily doped have more impurities

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N-TYPE SEMICONDUCTOR

An extrinsic semiconductor formed by adding

donor impurities, such as Pentavalent(with five
valence electrons)
Samples are Phosphorus(P), Arsenic(As),
Antimony(Sb).
Majority carriers are electrons and Minority
carriers are holes.
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 N-TYPE SEMICONDUCTOR

Si

Excess
electron
Si P Si

Si

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P-TYPE SEMICONDUCTOR

Excess
Si hole

Si B Si

Si

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 PN JUNCTION

P-type N-type
e e
e e
e e e e
e e
e e e

e e e
e
e ee
e ee
e e e
e e e e
e e
e
e
e e
e e e

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 FORWARD BIASED
P-type N-type
e e
e
e e e
e e
e

e e e
e ee e
e
e
e e e e e
e
e
e
e e
e e e e

e
for Ge: Vth =0.3V e

for Si: Vth =0.7V e

for GaAs: Vth =1.2V e

e
e

e e e e e e e e
e
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 REVERSE BIASED

P-type N-type
e e
e
e e e
e e
e
e e e
e e ee
e e
e
e e e
e e e
e
e
e e
e e e
e
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e e e
e e e e e e
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SHOCKLEYS DIODE EQUATION

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THERMAL VOLTAGE

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SAMPLE PROBLEM:
1. Determine VD, VR, and ID

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ZENER DIODE
A semiconductor device that permits current to
flow in either a forward or reverse direction.
is used for voltage regulation, as reference
elements, surge suppressors, and in switching
application and clipper circuits.

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CASE I: Vin AND R FIXED

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1. DETERMINE VL, VR, IZ, & PZ.

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CASE II: FIXED VIN, VARIABLE RL

2. Determine RLmax.

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CASE III: FIXED RL, VARIABLE VIN

3. Determine Vinmax.

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