Cell

B M Subramanya Swamy M.Sc. B.Ed.

CIE Co ordinator & Examination Officer
Kanaan Global School
Jakarta
Indonesia
swamy@kanaanglobal.sch.id
 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING ORGANISMS
Movement: action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or
place

Respiration: the chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules in living cells to
release energy

Sensitivity: ability to detect or sense changes in the environment (stimuli) and to make
responses

Growth: permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell number or cell size or
both

Reproduction: processes that make more of the same kind of organism

Excretion: removal from organisms of toxic materials, the waste products of metabolism
(chemical reactions in cells including respiration) and substances in excess of requirements

Nutrition: taking in of nutrients which are organic substances and mineral ions, containing
raw materials or energy for growth and tissue repair, absorbing and assimilating them
 CLASSIFICATION AND DIVERSITY OF LIVING
ORGANISMS
BINOMIAL SYSTEM
KING PHILIP CAME OVER FOR GOOD SPAGHETTI
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Kingdom - Species = Similarity increases
Species: organisms which can reproduce successfully
Binomial system: a system of naming species in which
the scientific name of an organism is made up of two
parts showing the genus (starting with a capitol letter)
and species (starting with a lower case letter), written
in italics when printed (therefore underlined when
handwritten) e.g. Homo sapiens
 KINGDOMS
Animal: Multi-cellular ingestive heterotrophs (eat living
organisms)

Plant: Multi-cellular photosynthetic autotrophic (make their

own food) organism with a cellulose cell wall.

Fungi: Single celled or multi cellular heterotrophic organism

with a cell wall not made of cellulose, saprotrophs (feed off
dead organisms) or parasites

Monera: Single celled organism with no true nucleus

Protista: Single celled organism with a nucleus

 VERTEBRATES

Bony fish:

Wet scales

External fertilization
and soft eggs

Gills to breathe
 VERTEBRATES

Amphibians:
Smooth, moist skin
External fertilization
and soft eggs
Gills/lungs to breathe
Can live on land and in
water
4 legs
 VERTEBRATES
Birds
Feathers on body and
scales on legs

Have 2 legs and 2 wings

Lungs to breathe

Hard eggs
 VERTEBRATES
Reptiles:

Scales on skin

Usually 4 legs

Lungs to breathe

Hard eggs
 VERTEBRATES
Mammals
Fur/hair on skin

Can live on land and in

water

4 legs

Lungs to breathe

Give birth to live young

 INVERTEBRATES: NO LEGS

Molluscs: (e.g. snails)

Soft
Not segmented - body
in three continuous
parts
Have 1 or 2 shells
Moves on muscular foot
Mainly herbivore, some
carnivores
 INVERTEBRATES: NO LEGS
Annelids: (e.g. earthworms)
Hard, slightly waterproof

Rounded bodies

Bodies made of segment

Uses chaetae (bristles) to

move from place to place

Mainly herbivores
 INVERTEBRATES: NO LEGS
Nematode: (e.g. roundworm)
Soft, not waterproof

Not segmented

Wriggles but lives in one place

Mainly parasites

Circular cross section and tapered

ends

Invades digestive tracts

 ARTHROPODS (INVERTEBRATES WITH LEGS)

Crustaceans: (e.g. crabs)

Have an exoskeleton

1 pair of compound eyes

2 body segment
cephalothorax and abdomen

More than four pairs of legs

2 pairs of antennae sensitive

to touch and chemicals
 ARTHROPODS (INVERTEBRATES WITH
LEGS)
Arachnids: (e.g. spiders)
2 body segment
cephalothorax and
abdomen
Four pairs of legs
Pair of chelicerae to
hold prey
Two pedipalps for
reproduction
Simple eyes
 ARTHROPODS (INVERTEBRATES WITH
LEGS)
Insects: (e.g. bees)
3 body segments
head, thorax and
abdomen
3 pairs of legs
1 pair of antennae
1 or 2 pairs of wings
Compound and simple
eyes
 ARTHROPODS (INVERTEBRATES WITH
LEGS)
Myriapods: (e.g. centipede)
Segmented body
Additional segments
formed
One pair of antennae
70+ pairs of legs 1 or 2
pairs on each segment
Fused head and thorax
and segmented abdomen
Simple eyes
 VIRUSES AND BACTERIA
Virus Bacteria

Covered by Protein coat Cell wall

Cell membrane No Yes

Cytoplasm No Yes

Genetic material DNA or RNA only a few genes DNA enough for several 100 genes

Living or not? Non-living unless in host Living

 Introduction
A cell is the basic unit of structure and
function in an organism

All organisms are unicellular or multicellular

It is a smallest living unit showing all the

characteristic of life and performing all the
vital functions
Animal cell
 Structure Function

Cell Membrane Also called plasma High surface area of the

membrane cell provides for absorption
of nutrients and the
disposal of wastes

A thin delicate layer Differentially permeable

made of layers of controlling the transport of
materials in and out of the
proteins and fats
cell

Allow certain small

Completely surrounds substances like glucose
and holds in the water and oxygen to enter
the cell
constituents of the cell
Prevent larger molecules
like protein and starch from
leaving the cell
 Most prominent structure of the cell Involved in cell division
Nucleus
Usually spherical in shape Controls all cellular activity

Found near the centre of the animal cell
Bound by two membranes forming the
nuclear envelop
Isolates the genetic material from the
rest of cell
Houses the organisms genetic
material
Nuclear pores act as channels
Permitting certain molecules to
enter or leave the nucleus

Nuclear pores are scattered over the

surface of this envelop

Found within the nucleus is one or more

small spherical structure called the
nucleolus which is not bound by a
membrane

Nucleoplasm is the cytoplasm like

material that fills up the nucleus .it
contains chromatin which is made up of
DNA
 Structure Function

Cytoplasm Jelly like substance It is here that

metabolisms takes
Fills up the cell
place
Suspension of various
organelles
 Organelles
Structure Functions

Vacuoles Sacs filled with cell Some function

sap a watery during digestion
solution of sugars eliminating excess
salts and pigments water entrapping
food particles or
for discharging
wastes
 Structure Function

Mitochondria Rod shaped organelles Power house of the cell

Structure with the inner
folded membranes Site for aerobic respiration
Permanent structure in the which generates energy for
cell all the cellular activities

Inner folds carry respiratory

enzymes which help to
control respiration and the
release of energy from
glucose molecules in the cel

Involved in chemical energy

conversion during metaboli
activities of the cell
Ribosomes
Translate the genetic
code into proteins.
Found attached to the
Rough endoplasmic
reticulum or free in the
cytoplasm.
60% RNA and 40%
protein.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Network of continuous
sacs, studded with
ribosome's.
Manufactures, processes,
and transports proteins
for export from cell.
Continuous with nuclear
envelope.
Golgi Apparatus
Modifies proteins and
lipids made by the ER
and prepares them for
export from the cell.
Encloses digestive
enzymes into
membranes to form
lysosomes.
Lysosomes
Single membrane
bound structure.
Contains digestive
enzymes that break
down cellular waste
and debris and
nutrients for use by
the cell.
Centrioles
Found only in animal
cells.
Self-replicating
Made of bundles of
microtubules.
Help in organizing cell
division.
 Structure Function

Protoplasm Combination of all Cells with

the living parts of protoplasm is
the cell regarded as living
 Starch grains
Structure Function

Insoluble carbohydrates Food source for plants

Occurs as very small grains

 Cell wall
Structure Function

Rigid wall made up of a layer of cellulose Provides support and shape to the
individuals
 vacuole
Structure function

Large compartments Plays a role in osmoregulation

Known as a sap vacuole Maintaining the shape of the cell

Filled with a fluid called cell sap

Membrane that surrounds the vacuole

called a Tonoplast
 Chloroplast
Structure Function

Collection of organelles known as plastids Characteristically green

Plastids that store chlorophyll are known Absorption of sunlight

as chloroplast
Required to carry out photosynthesis
 Compare and contrast plant and
animal cells
Structures Plant Animal

Cell wall Rigid cell wall made of

cellulose. It determines
-----------------------
the size and shape of -------------
the cell. It also helps to
support and strengthen
the plant
Structures Plants Animals

Starch grains Stores food as starch Excess

carbohydrate is
Can be found in plastids stored as glycogen
granules
Sap vacuole Large and centrally Small in size
located There may be
It is usually filled with some food
cell sap vacuole or
contractile
vacuoles present
Tonoplast This is the membrane that _______________________
______________________
surrounds the sap vacuole
formed by a layer of cytoplasm

Chloroplast
Found in green leaves
actually it gives the leaf the
characteristic green color
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It contains chlorophyll to
trap light energy for
photosynthesis
 Function of the cell membrane
The cell membrane is a thin layer of proteins
and fats around the cell
It surrounds the living cells
Separates one cell from another adjacent cell
Controls and regulates the passage of
substances in and out of the cells
Control the exchange rate of substances in
order to maintain normal conditions inside the
cell
 Prokaryotic Cells
Believed to be the first cells to evolve.
Lack a membrane bound nucleus and
organelles.
Genetic material is naked in the cytoplasm
Ribosome are only organelle.