Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Image Description and Representation
Image Description and Representation
com
Overview
Overview
Sensitivity
Representation
Representation
Chain Codes
Chain Codes
unacceptable because
the resulting chain of codes tends to be quite long
any small disturbances along the boundary due to
noise or imperfect segmentation cause changes in
the code that may not be related to the shape of the
boundary
Chain Codes
Representation
Polygonal Approximations
Polygonal approximations: to represent a boundary by straight line
segments, and a closed path becomes a polygon.
The number of straight line segments used determines the accuracy of the
approximation.
Only the minimum required number of sides necessary to preserve the
needed shape information should be used (Minimum perimeter polygons).
A larger number of sides will only add noise to the model.
Representation
Polygonal Approximations
Representation
Polygonal Approximations
Representation
Signature
Representation
Signature
Representation
Boundary Segments
Representation
Skeletons
Skeletons: produce a one pixel wide graph that has the same
basic shape of the region, like a stick figure of a human. It can
be used to analyze the geometric structure of a region which
has bumps and arms.
Representation
Skeletons
Representation
Skeletons
Representation
Skeletons
Representation
Skeletons
A thinning algorithm:
(1) applying step 1 to flag border points for
deletion
(2) deleting the flagged points
(3) applying step 2 to flag the remaining border
points for deletion
(4) deleting the flagged points
This procedure is applied iteratively until no
further points are deleted.
Representation
Skeletons: Example
One application of
skeletonization is for
character recognition.
A letter or character is
determined by the
center-line of its
strokes, and is unrelated
to the width of the
stroke lines.
Boundary Descriptors
Boundary Descriptors
length of a boundary
diameters
eccentricity
shape numbers
Length of a boundary
Diameters
Diam ( B) max [ D( pi , p j )]
i, j
D is a distance measure
pi and pj are points on the boundary B
Eccentricity
Boundary Descriptors
Fourier Descriptors
Boundary Descriptors
Fourier Descriptors
Boundary Descriptors
Statistical Moments
Boundary Descriptors
Statistical Moments
Regional Descriptors
Regional Descriptors
Example
Regional Descriptors
Topological Descriptors
Topological property 1:
the number of holes (H)
Topological property 2:
the number of connected
components (C)
Regional Descriptors
Topological Descriptors
Topological property 3:
Euler number: the number of connected components subtract
the number of holes
E=C-H
E=0 E= -1
Regional Descriptors
Topological Descriptors
Topological
property 4:
the largest
connected
component.
Regional Descriptors
Texture
Regional Descriptors
Texture
Regional Descriptors
Statistical Approaches
k 0 i 0
1
The measure R: R 1
1 2 ( z)
L 1
The uniformity: U p 2 ( zi )
i 0
L 1
The average entropy: e p( z ) log
i 0
i 2 p ( zi )
2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com
Regional Descriptors
Statistical Approaches
Regional Descriptors
Structural Approaches
Structural concepts:
Suppose that we have a
rule of the form SaS,
which indicates that the
symbol S may be
rewritten as aS.
If a represents a circle
[Fig. 11.23(a)] and the
meaning of circle to the
right is assigned to a
string of the form
aaaa [Fig. 11.23(b)] .
Regional Descriptors
Spectral Approaches
S ( ) S r ( )
0
0 r 1
Regional Descriptors
Spectral Approaches
Regional Descriptors
Spectral Approaches
Regional Descriptors
Moments of Two-Dimensional Functions
Regional Descriptors
Moments of Two-Dimensional Functions
x y m00
m11 x m01 m11 ym10
2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com
Regional Descriptors
Moments of Two-Dimensional Functions
Regional Descriptors
Moments of Two-Dimensional Functions
Regional Descriptors
Moments of Two-Dimensional Functions
Regional Descriptors
Moments of Two-Dimensional Functions
6 ( 20 02 )(30 12 ) 2 ( 21 03 ) 2
411 (30 12 )( 21 03 )
7 (3 21 03 )(30 12 )(30 12 ) 3( 21 03 )
2 2
(312 30 )( 21 03 ) 3(30 12 ) 2 ( 21 03 ) 2
This set of moments is invariant to translation,
rotation, and scale change.
Regional Descriptors
Moments of Two-Dimensional Functions
Regional Descriptors
Moments of Two-Dimensional Functions