POOJ A

LECTURER
SAS IIT& RESEARCH
MOHALI
WIRELESS
SENSOR
 AGENDA
Introduction

Wireless network standards

Topologies

Synchronization

Applications

Blue tooth Vs Wi-Fi

Conclusion
 Introduction
A wireless network operates using some sort of sensors and line of site topology
where the two adjacent sensors are able to detect and interpret the
messages/packets that are sent or received by the communicating terminals.

The system operates using electromagnetic waves or radio waves for taking the
signals from one terminal to the other. Two or more computers are said to be
connected with each other when there is a possible communication with each other
and called wireless when there is no wire or any physical medium used for the
communication.

Wireless Network Standards

Before we begin our discussion, it is important to understand that a number of
different wireless network standards are available. These standards were
established by the IEEE (Institution of Electrical and Electronic Engineers) and are
commonly called the 802.11x standards. These are presented in the following table.
 Different Wireless Standards

Radius
Protocol Release Op. Throughput Data Rate Modulation (Indoor) Outdoor)
Date Frequenc (Type) (Max) Technique Depends, Loss
y # includes
Legacy 1997 2.4 GHz 0.9 Mbit/s 2 Mbit/s ~20 ~100 Meters
Meters
802.11 a 1999 5 GHz 23 Mbit/s 54 Mbit/s OFDM ~35 ~120 Meters
Meters
802.11 b 1999 2.4 GHz 4.3 Mbit/s 11 Mbit/s DSSS ~38 ~140 Meters
Meters
802.11 g 2003 2.4 GHz 19 Mbit/s 54 Mbit/s OFDM ~38 ~140 Meters
Meters
802.11 n Sept 2008 Sept 74 Mbit/s 248 Mbit/s MIMO ~70 ~250 Meters
(est.) 2008 Meters
(est.)
802.11 y March 3.7 GHz 23 Mbit/s 54 Mbit/s ~50 ~5000 Meters
2008 Meters
(est.)
 This Table show the various protocols that are relevant to our studies and after
the study of this table we can easily see the differences that have been
introduced from the time to time.
 OFDM: In OFDM, the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen so that the sub-
carriers are orthogonal to each other, meaning that cross-talk between the
sub-channels is eliminated and inter-carrier guard bands are not required.
This greatly simplifies the design of both the transmitter and the receiver;
unlike conventional FDM, a separate filter for each sub-channel is not
required. The orthogonality also allows high spectral efficiency

 DSSS: Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) is a modulation

technique. As with other spread spectrum technologies, the transmitted
signal takes up more bandwidth than the information signal that is being
modulated.

 MIMO(pronounced mee-moh or mai-moh): Multiple-input and

multiple-output refers to the use of multiple antennas both at the
transmitter and receiver to improve the performance of radio
communication systems.
 Topologies
There are mainly three topologies that are applied in the
establishment of a typical wireless network. These are
Static: It is the Traditional topology that uses the wires for as the
communication medium.

Mobile: It is that topology that uses the microwave for the sending
and receipt of data i.e. communication.

Hybrid: In this topology, we find the combination of both the

topologies. The wireless systems operate on the outside world and
the internal communication takes place through the wires.
The figure shows the functioning of a hybrid topology, it is as follows.

This arrangement of the computers shows that there is a central hub

connecting all the systems in a closed system and on the outer side
there is a broadband modem that is connected with the outer world
using wireless sensor system.
 The various configurations are as follows
The Point To Point Topology
This is one of the most reliable topology because there is only one point of failure in
this topology and that is the host itself. This topology is simple enough and requires
less expertise but when it comes to operate multiple hosts the complexity increases
in geometric fashion.

In this topology, each sensor node needs a separate connection over a wire generally
twisted pair shielded wire. Due to the use of this, the cost increases and the
management become difficult. Also in this case all the information is processed by
the host.
Multi drop
In this topology, the bus topology was used as to reduce the number of
wires. It is more reliable than the point to point topology. The main problem
that is observed is that of digitization of data. In the point to point topology,
digitization occurred in the host, where a single clock could be used to time
stamp when the analog signals from multiple sensors were acquired.

multidrop network, each sensor node puts its information onto a

common medium. The single-wire connection represents a potential
single-point failure.
The Web Technology
It is that topology in which all the hosts must be operating and
connected all the time. It is possible only when the vendors agree on a
common protocol so that all the hosts can communicate with each other to
server to their near system. The Figure show a typical web topology.

The introduction of wireless sensor networks brought a revolution in

the field of networking as they are intelligent enough that they
automatically make a configuration for the reliable service. These
sensors are co-operating and form a temporary configuration to replace
the host and in the future, they may also become self aware.
.

Figure shows a typical configuration. An architecture consisting of a

decoder for each channel and a direct-sequence spread-spectrum receiver
can perform simultaneous sampling because the same baseband signal goes
to each decoder. But the decoders represent a significant cost, power, and
size limitation

The web topology is the most complicated as all the hops can’t reach at a
destination. So a repeating configuration is required. Also in this case the
nodes come and go at random and thus there is need to reconfigure all the
systems frequently that affect the performance
Synchronization
Time Synchronization in wireless networks is extremely important for basic
communication, but it also provides the ability to detect movement, location,
and proximity. The synchronization problem consists of four parts: send time,
access time, propagation time, and receive time. Three current
synchronization protocol .

The first is relative timing and is the simplest. It relies on the ordering of
messages and events. The next method is relative timing in which the network
clocks are independent of each other and the nodes keep track of drift and
offset. The last method is global synchronization where there is a constant
global timescale throughout the network. This is obviously the most complex
and the toughest to implement.
Applications

Environmental monitoring
Habitat monitoring
Acoustic detection
Seismic Detection
Military surveillance
Process Monitoring
Structural health monitoring
Health Monitoring

While mainstream computers have an abundance of standards, the only official

standard that has been adopted for wireless sensor networks is Wireless HART. In
figure are some other standards being investigated for use by researchers in the field:
ZigBee
Wibree
6lowpan
Blue tooth Vs Wi-Fi
Bluetooth-equipped hardware devices contain a Bluetooth chip that
will wirelessly connect them to the PC without any interaction necessary
from the user. Bluetooth devices operate in the 2.45 Gigahertz frequency
range. Other devices currently operate in this frequency range as well,
including cordless phones. Bluetooth devices avoid interfering with other
systems is by sending out a very weak 1 mill watt signal — a cell phone by
comparison can transmit up to 3 watts.
 In addition to data, up to three voice channels are available, and each
device is assigned a unique 48-bit address. Connections can be point-to-
point or multipoint. Bluetooth devices have a maximum transmission rate
of only 1 Mbps — up to 2 Mbps in the second generation of the technology
— of which about 20 percent of this capacity is used for data headers and
handshaking information.

By comparison, Wi-Fi wireless LAN adapters are much more powerful and
capable of reaching data transmission rates approaching 54Mbps. The most
popular Wi-Fi standard is the one used in your D-Link router, 802.11b. This
version provides users with 11 Mbps transmission speeds and also operates
in the 2.4 GHz band. Products based on this specification have very good
range and can commonly transmit data at distances of well over 100 feet.
The most recently introduced specification, 802.11g, offers users the best of
both worlds by providing users with higher transmission rates yet 100
percent compatibility with existing 802.11b products.
Conclusion
A wireless network is collection of objects in a system operate in harmony
to achieve a common objective in a controlled fashion but still
independent in their respective functioning. Thus a network has more than
one component, a common communication medium over which they
establish relationship, perform their functions at individual level and a
well defined set of rules.

The scope and objective of this paper is limited to the use of wireless
networks that is with special reference to the computers and acquaint you
with the current trends, technologies, management, problems using them.
We provide proven experience in the design, development, test and
implementation of wireless sensor networks in the biochemical,
telecommunications, electromechanical, and environmental industries.
Thank
YOU