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Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T) : Part Production Communication Model
Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T) : Part Production Communication Model
MANAGEMENT
DESIGN
VENDORS
SALES PRICING
TOOLING
PURCHASING PLANNING
CUSTOMERS
PRODUCTION
SERVICE ROUTING
INSPECTION
ASSEMBLY
GD&T is a means of
dimensioning & tolerancing
a drawing which considers
the function of the part and
how this part functions
with related parts.
This allows a drawing to
contain a more defined
feature more accurately,
without increasing tolerances.
GD&T contd
GD&T has increased in practice in
last 15 years because of ISO
9000.
ISO 9000 requires not only that something
be required, but how it is to be controlled.
For example, how round does a round
feature have to be?
GD&T is a system that uses
standard symbols to indicate
tolerances that are based on the
features geometry.
Sometimes called feature based
dimensioning & tolerancing or true
position dimensioning & tolerancing
GD&T practices are specified in
ANSI Y14.5M-1994.
For Example
Given Table Height
Assume all 4 legs will be
cut to length at the same
time.
However, all surfaces have a degree of
waviness, or smoothness. For
example, the surface of a 2 x 4 is much
wavier (rough) than the surface of a
piece of glass.
As the table height is dimensioned, the
following table would pass inspection.
or
.06
.06
.06
28
27
26
WHY IS GD&T IMPORTANT
Saves money
For example, if large number
of parts are being made
GD&T can reduce or eliminate
inspection of some features.
Provides bonus tolerance
Ensures design, dimension, and
tolerance requirements as they
relate to the actual function
Ensures interchangeability of
mating parts at the assembly
Provides uniformity
It is a universal understanding of
the symbols instead of words
WHEN TO USE GD&T
SIZE DIMENSION
WHAT DOES
THIS MEAN?
2.007
2.003
LIMITS OF SIZE
A variation in form is allowed
between the least material
condition (LMC) and the
maximum material condition
(MMC).
SIZE DIMENSION
ENVELOPE PRINCIPLE
MMC
(2.007)
LMC
(2.003)
ENVELOPE OF SIZE
Envelop Principle defines the
size and form relationships
between mating parts.
LIMITS OF SIZE
ENVELOPE PRINCIPLE
LMC
CLEARANCE
MMC
ALLOWANCE
LIMITS OF SIZE
The actual size of the feature at
any cross section must be
within the size boundary.
MMC
LMC
LIMITS OF SIZE
TYPE OF TYPE OF
CHARACTERISTIC SYMBOL
FEATURE TOLERANCE
FLATNESS
INDIVIDUAL STRAIGHTNESS
(No Datum FORM
Reference) CIRCULARITY
CYLINDRICITY
PERPENDICULARITY
ORIENTATION ANGULARITY
PARALLELISM
RELATED
FEATURES CIRCULAR RUNOUT
(Datum RUNOUT
Reference TOTAL RUNOUT
Required)
CONCENTRICITY
LOCATION POSITION
SYMMETRY
Characteristics & Symbols
contd.
GEOMETRIC SYMBOL
TOLERANCE INFORMATION
DATUM REFERENCES
COMPARTMENT VARIABLES
THE
RELATIVE TO
OF THE FEATURE
MUST BE WITHIN
CONNECTING WORDS
Feature Control Frame
Uses feature control frames to
indicate tolerance
Applied to surface.
Applied to axis
Placement of Feature
Control Frames Contd.
.500.005
Basic Dimension
A theoretically exact size, profile,
orientation, or location of a feature or
datum target, therefore, a basic
dimension is untoleranced.
Most often used with position,
angularity, and profile)
Basic dimensions have a rectangle
surrounding it.
1.000
Basic Dimension
contd.
Form Features
Individual Features
No Datum Reference
Flatness Straightness
Circularity Cylindricity
Form Features Examples
Flatness as stated on
drawing: The flatness of the
feature must be within .06
tolerance zone.
0.500 .005
.003
0.500 .005
Form Features Examples
Straightness applied to the surface of a
diameter: The straightness of the feature must
be within .003 tolerance zone.
.003
0.500
0.505
0.500
0.505 .030 M
1.010
0.990
Dial Indicator
DIAL INDICATOR
BEZEL
CASE
2 2
4 4
6 6
8 8
10 10
12
CLAMP
PROBE
Verification of Flatness
Activity 13
Orientation
Perpendicularity
Angularity
Parallelism
Runout
Circular Runout
Total Runout
Location
Position
Concentricity
Symmetry
Datum
Datums are features (points, axis,
and planes) on the object that are
used as reference surfaces from
which other measurements are
made. Used in designing, tooling,
manufacturing, inspecting, and
assembling components and sub-
assemblies.
As you know, not every GD&T
feature requires a datum, i.e., Flat
1.000
Datums contd.
Features are identified with
respect to a datum.
Always start with the letter A
Do not use letters I, O, or Q
May use double letters AA,
BB, etc.
This information is located in
the feature control frame.
Datums on a drawing of a
part are represented using
the symbol shown below.
Datum Reference Symbols
A A
A
ANSI 1982
ASME 1994
.500.005
.500.005
TWELVE DEGREES OF FREEDOM
UP
LEFT BACK
6 LINEAR AND
6 ROTATIONAL
DEGREES OF
FREEDOM
FRONT RIGHT
DOWN
UNRESTRICTED FREE
MOVEMENT IN SPACE
Example Datums
Datums must be
perpendicular to each other
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary Datum
Primary Datum
A primary datum is selected
to provide functional
relationships, accessibility,
and repeatability.
Functional Relationships
A standardization of size is desired in
the manufacturing of a part.
Consideration of how parts are
orientated to each other is very
important.
For example, legos are made in a
standard size in order to lock into
place. A primary datum is chosen
to reference the location of the
mating features.
Accessibility
Does anything, such as, shafts, get in
the way?
Primary Datum contd.
Repeatability
For example, castings, sheet
metal, etc.
The primary datum chosen must
insure precise measurements.
The surface established must
produce consistent
Measurements when producing
many identical parts to meet
requirements specified.
Primary Datum
Restricts 6 degrees of freedom
PROBE
GRANITE
Z SURFACE
PLATE
DATUM
REFERENCE
FRAME
Size Datum
(CIRCULAR)
THIS ON
THE DRAWING
MEANS THIS
SIMULATED DATUM-
SMALLEST
PART CIRCUMSCRIBED
CYLINDER
DATUM AXIS
Size Datum
(CIRCULAR)
THIS ON
THE DRAWING
MEANS THIS
SIMULATED DATUM-
LARGEST
PART INSCRIBED
DATUM AXIS A CYLINDER
Orientation Tolerances
Perpendicularity
Angularity
Parallelism
Controls the orientation of
individual features
Datums are required
Shape of tolerance zone: 2
parallel lines, 2 parallel planes, and
cylindrical
PERPENDICULARITY:
is the condition of a surface, center plane, or
axis at a right angle (90) to a datum plane or
axis.
Ex:
The perpendicularity of
this surface must be
within a .005 tolerance
zone relative to datum A.
Plane 1 must be
perpendicular within .005
tolerance zone to plane 2.
BOTTOM SURFACE
Practice Problem
Plane 1 must be
perpendicular within .005
tolerance zone to plane 2
BOTTOM PLANE
Practice Problem
2.00.01
.02 Tolerance
2.00.01
.005 Tolerance
Zone
.02 Tolerance
0.01
Activity 13 Contd.
Position
Concentricity
Symmetry
Position Tolerance
A position tolerance is the total
permissible variation in the location
of a feature about its exact true
position.
For cylindrical features, the
position tolerance zone is typically
a cylinder within which the axis of
the feature must lie.
For other features, the center plane
of the feature must fit in the space
between two parallel planes.
The exact position of the feature is
located with basic dimensions.
The position tolerance is typically
associated with the size tolerance
of the feature.
Datums are required.
Coordinate System Position
Consider the following hole dimensioned with
coordinate dimensions:
2.000
.750
Several Problems:
Two points, equidistant from true position may not
be accepted.
Total tolerance diagonally is .014, which may be
more than was intended.
Coordinate System Position
Consider the following hole dimensioned with
coordinate dimensions:
Center can be
anywhere along
the diagonal
line.
2.000
.750
Several Problems:
Two points, equidistant from true position may not
be accepted.
Total tolerance diagonally is .014, which may be
more than was intended. (1.4 Xs >, 1.4*.010=.014)
Position Tolerancing
Consider the same hole, but add
GD&T:
MMC =
.500 - .003 = .497
.504 ? ?
Shaft
GT = GEOMETRIC
TOLERANCE
PERPENDICULARITY Contd.
Worksheet GD&T 6