Title Slide

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 Importance of process
Comparative cost estimates
Ventilation and other environmental issues

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 Design process
Tunnel structure
Ventilation
Lighting
Finishes

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 Determine number of lanes needed
Select tunnel shape
Determine depth required
Analyze ground characteristics
Select tunnel construction method

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Depth

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 Hard ground
Soft ground
Under water

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 Tunnel boring
machines
Road headers
Drill and blast

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 Cut-and-cover
Shields
Grouting
Ground freezing
NATM

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 Immersed tube

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Types of tunnel ventilation systems
Natural
Longitudinal
Transverse

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Eisenhower Tunnel Mont-Blanc Tunnel
USA Switzerland

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 Symmetrical
Line of sight
Counter-beam

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Radio rebroadcast, Ceiling Panel Lights on ceiling or wall
cell phone

Exhaust air

CCTV
Wall
CO, NO X Pavement
tile or
Monitor panel
Emergency
walkway and
egress system
Supply air Supply air

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Ted Williams Tunnel
Boston, Massachusetts

Laerdall
Norway

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 Ventilation
Length Year Vehicles/Day Air Cleaning
Rank Name Location (miles) Comp (x1,000) Technology
1 Laerdal Norway 15.3 2000 1 Electrostatic
precipitators;
NO x filtration;
CO-unknown

California, 11.5 TBD 110 est. TBD

2 TBD
USA
3 Zhongwanshan China 11.3 2009 Unknown

4 St. Gotthard Switzerlan 10.5 1980 19 None

Road Tunnel d reopened
2001

5 Arlberg Austria 8.6 1978 None

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 Ventilation
Length Year Vehicles/Day Air Cleaning
Rank Name Location (miles) Comp (x1,000) Technology
6 Hsuehshan China/ 8.1 2005 None
Taiwan
7 Frejus France/Ital 8.0 1980 3.3 trucks/ None
y day
8 Mont-Blanc France/Ital 7.3 1965 2.5 trucks/ None
y reopened
2002
day

Portage Alaska, 2.5 2000 None

Glacier USA
Highway
Eisenhower Colorado, 1.7 1973/ 31.1 None
Tunnel USA 1979
Hanging Lake Colorado, 0.7 1992 19.8 None
USA

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 Establish a process for reviewing tunnel
alternatives
Insist on comparative cost estimates
Insist on ventilation solutions as part of
all tunneling evaluations

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 Do tunnels cost more than highways and bridges?
If so, how much more?
Is there a way to clean the air that comes out of the
ventilation building before releasing it into the
atmosphere?
Does the air that comes out of the vent building smell?
Will I be able to see it coming out (like a smokestack)?
How do the environmental regulators generally regard
tunnel projects positively or negatively?
What do you do with all the dirt and rock thats
excavated from a tunnel project?
...
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