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3 Amfibi 3
3 Amfibi 3
Gigi Pedicellatus
Batang hijau
Auditori
Kompleks operkulum-kolumela
Frekuensi tinggi (>1000 Hz) getaran
kolumela (udara)
Frekuensi rendah (<1000 Hz) getaran
operkulum-kolumela (tanah)
Papila basilar :
Sistem rambut sel
mendeteksi frekuensi tinggi
Papila Amfibi :
Sistem sel rambut mendeteksi
frekuensi rendah
Otot levator bulbus
29 famili, ~ 4800 spesies
Rhinophrynidae Ascaphidae
Leptodactylidae Pelobatidae
Microhylidae Bufonidae
Dendrobatidae Hylidae
Pipidae Ranidae
Amphibians
Rhinophrynidae: (Burrowing Toad)
Rhinophrynus dorsalis
Morphology:
Short, powerful limbs; tubercle present
Robust body; pointed head (cornified tip)
Habitat:
Sub-humid areas; surface after heavy rains
Fossorial
Reproduction:
Explosive breeder; aquatic tadpole North America / Central America
Reproduction:
Internal fertilization (only frog species)
Inguinal amplexus; tail inserted into cloaca
Small clutches of large eggs (place under rocks)
Tadpoles have suction disks / reduced fins
Growth / Maturation:
Metamorphosis ~ 2 3 years
Sexual Maturation ~ 8 9 years
Life Span ~ 12 20 years
Amphibians
elobatidae (example = Scaphiopus intermontana):
Anatomy:
Keratinous, spade-like metatarsal tubercle
Rotund body; short legs; large eyes
Glandular skin
Terrestrial:
Habitat: North America / Europe / Asia / Afric
Found in sagebrush country (shallow burrows)
Over-winter in self-made burrows (~ 1 m deep)
Survive osmotic stress via urea in body fluids
Reproduction:
Explosive breeding; permanent / ephemeral waters
300 500 eggs / female; hatch = 2 4 days
Growth / Maturation:
Metamorphosis ~ 1 month
Sexual Maturation ~ 1 2 years
Life Span ~ 10 13 years
Amphibians
Bufonidae (example = Bufo boreas):
Anatomy:
Bidders Organ: Rudimentary ovary (on male testis)
Rotund body; dull coloration
Prominent skin glands (toxic - peptides)
Terrestrial:
Habitat: Cosmopolitan
Various elevations; Close water contact
Over-winter in existing burrows near / in water
Reproduction:
Prolonged breeders; actively search out
Males lack call; chirp = release call
~ 6000 eggs / clutch; laid in double row strings
Growth / Maturation:
Metamorphosis ~ 1 2 months
Sexual Maturation ~ 4 6 years
Life Span ~ 10 15 years
Amphibians Indicator
Species
Hylidae (example = Hyla regilla):
Anatomy:
Relatively small: 1 2 inches in length
Toe discs present
Polymorphic colors; change with temp / humidity
Primarily Arboreal:
Habitat: North / Central / South America
Low shrubbery during wet season
Over-winter in moist, cool retreats during winter
Reproduction:
Migration to breeding ponds triggered by warm, winter rains
enter pond, begin calling (attract ; warn )
~ 500 - 750 eggs / clutch; ~ 3 clutches / season
Growth / Maturation:
Metamorphosis ~ 2 months
Sexual Maturation ~ 1 2 years
Life Span ~ ???
Amphibians Red located on lower
abdomen / hind limbs
Ranidae (example = Rana Aurora ):
Anatomy:
Mid-sized body: 2 - 3 inches in length
Long rear legs; exceptional leaping ability
Presence of vocal sacs dependent on sub-species
Terrestrial:
Habitat: Cosmopolitan
Require riparian vegetation near ponds / streams
Move into upland forest outside of breeding season
Reproduction:
Reproduction occurs November April (assures cold water)
Extensive migrations to breeding sites not uncommon
~ 200 - 1000 eggs / clutch; attached to aquatic vegetation
Growth / Maturation:
Metamorphosis ~ 3 4 months
Sexual Maturation ~ 2 3 years
Life Span ~ 10 years Believed to be inspiration for Twains
"The Notorious Jumping Frog
of Calveras Country"
Penurunan Keanekaragaman/Populasi
43% spesies
mengalami penurunan
populasi
1. Perubahan Habitat
California red-
legged frog
Habitat Fragmentation:
Habitat Destruction:
Habitat Alteration:
7 Hipotesis Penyebab Penurunan Populasi Amfibi
4) Perubahan Iklim
7) Penyakit