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Control System Instrumentation: Transducers and Transmitters
Control System Instrumentation: Transducers and Transmitters
Control System Instrumentation: Transducers and Transmitters
Sensors
The book briefly discusses commonly used sensors for the most
important process variables. (See text.)
Chapter 9
Transmitters
A transmitter usually converts the sensor output to a signal level
appropriate for input to a controller, such as 4 to 20 mA.
Transmitters are generally designed to be direct acting.
In addition, most commercial transmitters have an adjustable
input range (or span).
For example, a temperature transmitter might be adjusted so that
the input range of a platinum resistance element (the sensor) is
50 to 150 C. 3
In this case, the following correspondence is obtained:
Input Output
50 C 4 mA
150 C 20 mA
Chapter 9
5
Chapter 9
7
Chapter 9
8
We choose the way the valve should operate (full flow or no
flow) in case of a transmitter failure.
Hence, A-C and A-O valves often are referred to as fail-open
and fail-closed, respectively.
Example 9.1
Chapter 9
Pv
q Cv f (9-2)
gs
10
Here q is the flow rate, f is the flow characteristic, Pv is the
pressure drop across the valve, and gs is the specific gravity of
the fluid.
This relation is valid for nonflashing fluids.
Specification of the valve size is dependent on the so-called
Chapter 9
valve characteristic f.
Three control valve characteristics are mainly used.
For a fixed pressure drop across the valve, the flow
characteristic f 0 f 1 is related to the lift 0 1 , that
is, the extent of valve opening, by one of the following relations:
Linear: f
Quick opening: f (9-3)
1
Equal percentage: f R
11
Chapter 9
Rangeability
The rangeability of a control valve is defined as the ratio of
maximum to minimum input signal level. For control valves,
Chapter 9
13
Chapter 9
16
Solution
First we write an expression for the pressure drop across the heat
exchanger
2
Phe q
(9-5)
30 200
Chapter 9
2
q
Ps Phe 30 (9-6)
200
Because the pump head is constant at 40 psi, the pressure drop
available for the valve is
2
q
Pv 40 Phe 40 30 (9-7)
200
Figure 9.11 illustrates these relations. Note that in all four design
cases Pv / Ps 10 / 30 33% at qd.
17
Chapter 9
q
(9-9)
Cv Pv
Using Eq. 9-9 and values of Pv from Eq. 9-7, the installed
valve characteristic curve can be plotted.
19
Chapter 9
20
Chapter 9
dTm
mC UA T Tm (9-13)
dt
where U is the heat transfer coefficient and A is the heat transfer
Chapter 9
with mC / UA. 22
Chapter 9
24
Chapter 9