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Ch2 Bonding
Ch2 Bonding
Ch2 Bonding
ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
What promotes bonding?
Chapter 2- 1
Introduction to Materials Science
Chapter 2-
BOHR ATOM
orbital electrons:
n = principal
quantum number 1
n=3 2 Adapted from Fig. 2.1,
Callister 6e.
Nucleus: Z = # protons
= 1 for hydrogen to 94 for plutonium
N = # neutrons
Atomic mass A Z + N
Chapter 2- 2
ELECTRON ENERGY STATES
Electrons...
have discrete energy states
tend to occupy lowest available energy state.
Chapter 2- 3
STABLE ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS
Stable electron configurations...
have complete s and p subshells
tend to be unreactive.
Chapter 2- 4
SURVEY OF ELEMENTS
Most elements: Electron configuration not stable.
Electron configuration
1s1
1s2 (stable)
1s22s1
1s22s2
1s22s22p1 Adapted from Table 2.2,
1s22s22p2 Callister 6e.
...
1s22s22p6 (stable)
1s22s22p63s1
1s22s22p63s2
1s22s22p63s23p1
...
1s22s22p63s23p6 (stable)
...
1s22s22p63s23p63d10 4s246 (stable)
Adapted
from Fig. 2.6,
Callister 6e.
Chapter 2- 8
EXAMPLES: IONIC BONDING
Predominant bonding in Ceramics
NaCl
MgO
H He
2.1 CaF2 -
Li Be O F Ne
1.0 1.5 CsCl 3.5 4.0 -
Na Mg Cl Ar
0.9 1.2 3.0 -
K Ca Ti Cr Fe Ni Zn As Br Kr
0.8 1.0 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.8 -
Rb Sr I Xe
0.8 1.0 2.5 -
Cs Ba At Rn
0.7 0.9 2.2 -
Fr Ra
0.7 0.9
Chapter 2- 10
EXAMPLES: COVALENT BONDING
H2O
column IVA
H2 F2
C(diamond)
H He
2.1
SiC - Cl2
Li Be C O F Ne
1.0 1.5 2.5 2.0 4.0 -
Na Mg Si Cl Ar
0.9 1.2 1.8 3.0 -
K Ca Ti Cr Fe Ni Zn Ga Ge As Br Kr
0.8 1.0 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.8 -
Rb Sr Sn I Xe
0.8 1.0 1.8 2.5 -
Cs Ba Pb At Rn
0.7 0.9 1.8 2.2 -
Fr Ra
0.7 0.9
Adapted from Fig. 2.7, Callister 6e. (Fig. 2.7 is GaAs
adapted from Linus Pauling, The Nature of the Chemical Bond, 3rd edition, Copyright
1939 and 1940, 3rd edition. Copyright 1960 by Cornell University.
Chapter 2- 12
2003 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning
Chapter 2-
2003 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning
Figure 2.13 When voltage is applied to a metal, the electrons
in the electron sea can easily move and carry a current (Askeland).
Chapter 2-
2003 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning
Chapter 2-
SECONDARY BONDING
Arises from interaction between dipoles
Fluctuating dipoles
-ex: polymer
Chapter 2- 13
Percent Ionicity: Ionic to metallic
%IC=1 %IC=0
Chapter 2-
SUMMARY: BONDING
Type Bond Energy Comments
Ionic Large! Nondirectional (ceramics)
Variable Directional
Covalent large-Diamond semiconductors, ceramics
small-Bismuth polymer chains)
Variable
Metallic large-Tungsten Nondirectional (metals)
small-Mercury
Directional
Secondary smallest inter-chain (polymer)
inter-molecular
Chapter 2- 14
Origin of Bonding Curve
arises from attractive plus repulsive interactions between atoms(ions)
A B
EA and ER
r rn
(Z1e)(Z 2 e)
(e.g., Coulombic, A )
4 0
For NaCl, Z1=ZNa=+1 and Z2=ZCl= -1
Repulsive
force
dE dEA dER
Force : F Minus sign in force makes sure that,
dr r0 dr r0 dr r0 by definition, repulsive force is +
Attractive
force F = 0 at equilibrium r0: can find r0.
Chapter 2-
PROPERTIES FROM BONDING: TM
Bond length, r Melting Temperature, Tm
F
F
Bond energy, Eo
Tm is larger if Eo is larger.
Chapter 2- 15
PROPERTIES FROM BONDING: E
Elastic modulus, E
Elastic modulus
F L
=E
Ao Lo
E ~ curvature at ro
Energy
unstretched length
ro E is larger if Eo is larger.
r
smaller Elastic Modulus
L
= a(T2-T1)
Lo
a ~ symmetry at ro
a is larger if Eo is smaller.
Chapter 2- 17
SUMMARY: PRIMARY BONDS
Ceramics Large bond energy
(Ionic & covalent bonding): large Tm
large E
small a
Chapter 2- 18
Chapter 2-
Figure 2.23 Atoms or
ions are separated by
and equilibrium
spacing that
corresponds to the
minimum inter-atomic
energy for a pair of
atoms or ions (or
when zero force is
acting to repel or
attract the atoms or
ions)
Chapter 2-
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, a, or dL/dT
Larger E
as E0 (less negative) Smaller
Chapter 2-
2-13
Chapter 2-
2-15
Chapter 2-
Chapter 2-