Imperfections in crystals

Vacancy defects
It is formed when an atom is missing from a normal
atomic site in a crystalline structure.
The number of vacancies in a material increases
exponentially as temperature increases.
N=n*exp(-Q/RT)
N=total number of vacancies
n=total number of lattice sites
Types of vacancy defects
Self interstitial
Vacancy
Divacancy
Substitutional impurity atom
Interstitial impurity atom
Diffusion in ionic crystals
Schottky pair-
In non-ionic crystals it means a lattice vacancy defect.
In ionic crystals, the defect forms when oppositely
charged ions leave their lattice sites, creating vacancies
. These vacancies are formed in stoichiometric units,
to maintain an overall neutral charge in the ionic solid.
The vacancies are then free to move about as their own
entities. Normally these defects will lead to a decrease
in the density of the crystal.
Contd
Frenkel-
A Frenkel defect is a type of defect in crystalline solids
wherein an atom is displaced from its lattice position
to an interstitial site, creating a vacancy at the original
site and aninterstitial defect at the new location within
the same element without any changes in chemical
properties.
Contd
Cation Frenkel
Interstitial atoms with equal number of cation
vacancies.
Anti Schottky
Interstitial cations equal number of interstitial anions
in the lattice.
Dislocation types
Edge
Mixed
Screw
Line Defects
A dislocation is a linear or 1D defect around which
some of the atoms are misaligned.
Edge dislocation-
An extra portion of plane of atoms or half plane, the
edge of which terminates within the crystal.
Edge dislocation
Burgers vector
It quantifies the difference between the distorted
lattice around the dislocation and the perfect lattice.
Equivalently it denotes the direction the direction and
magnitude of the atomic displacement that occurs
when a dislocation moves.
Note
The lattice around dislocation is elastically distorted.
When the extra half plane is inserted from the top the
defect so produced is represented by inverted tee and
if inserted from bottom it is represented by T(tee).
Frictional Stress
Frictional stress in terms of width w of the dislocation:
Stress=G*exp(-2*pi*w/b)
Dislocation climb
A dislocation can climb up or down the slip plane by
interchange of atomic sites along its core with an
adjacent vacancy.
Higher temperature also favours dislocation climb.
Screw dislocation
Imagine cutting a crystal along a plane and slipping one
half across the other by a lattice vector, the halves fitting
back together without leaving a defect. If the cut only
goes part way through the crystal, and then slipped, the
boundary of the cut is a screw dislocation.
Stress=- b/2*pi*r
where is the shear modulus of the material, b is the
Burgers vector, and r is a radial coordinate. This
equation suggests a long cylinder of stress radiating
outward from the cylinder and decreasing with distance
SCREW
DISLOCATION
Mixed dislocation
In many materials, dislocations are found where
the line direction and Burgers vector are neither
perpendicular nor parallel and these dislocations
are called mixed dislocations, consisting of both
screw and edge character.