TITLE: GEN. ORGANIC CHEM.

CODE: CHM 121

UNITS: 2

SEM.: OMEGA SEMESTER

LECTURER: AJANI O.O.

OFFICE NO: RM A 107(CST)

What are Homologous Series?
Compounds that are members of
the same family, but each differs
from its neighbours in its
molecular formula by a constant
unit CH2-

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Characteristics of Homologous Series

All members can be represented by

a general formula e.g. CnH2n+2
Each member differs by CH2-, e.g.
C3H8 C2H6 = C2H6 CH4 = -CH2-
Members can be prepared
by the same method
Physical properties vary with
molecular weight change.
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 Characteristic of H.S. Contd.

Members of the same homologous series

have similar chemical properties e.g.

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 Functional Groups
What is a Functional Group?
It can be defined as an active part of a
compound or molecule that takes part in
chemical reaction.
It depicts the family and determines its
properties.
It is responsible for the type of reaction.
All chemical reactions are conversion of
functional groups from one form to the
other. 5
SN IUPAC Suffix General Functional Typical
Name Form. Group Example
1 Alkane -ane CnH2n+2 -C- paraffin Methane

2 Alkene -ene CnH2n C=C Ethene

3 Alkyne -yne CnH2n-2 CC Propyne

4 Alkoxy -ether R-O-R -O- (ether) Diethyl

alkane ether
5 Alkanol -ol R-OH OH Ethanol
(Alcohol) (hydroxyl) (1o)
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6 Alkanal -al R-CHO C=O Ethanal
(aldehyde) (aldehyde)

7 Alkanone -one R-CO-R C=O Propanone

(ketone) (ketone) (acetone)

8 Akanoic acid -oic R-COOH -COOH Ethanoic

(carboxylic acid (carboxyl) acid
acid) CH3COOH

9 Amine amine R-NH2 -NH2 Ethanamine

(amino) CH3CH2N
1o, 2o or 3o H2
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 Test for Functional Groups
1. HYDROCARBON: Alkene and alkyne will
undergo a +tive reaction and decolourize KMnO4/
H+ , KMnO4/ HO- , K2Cr2O7/ H+, Br2/H2O in CCl4,
H2/Ni at 200oC while alkane show no reaction.

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2. Test for Carbonyl

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Fehling Soln. = Fehling A (CuSO4) + Fehling B
(NaOH & Rochelle salt).

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3. Test for Phenol
Add few drops of freshly prepared iron III
chloride (FeCl3) to the phenol gave intense
coloration, e.g. anthocyanin test.

4. Test for Alcohol

Alcohol can generally be tested using
PCl5 or SOCl2 while 1o, 2o & 3o can be
Distinguished specifically with Lucas test.

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5. Test for Carboxylic Acid(-COOH)
Addition of Sat. NaHCO3 gives effervescence of
CO2 in the presence of COOH.

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Prep. of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

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ISOMERISM

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2. Stereoisomerism

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(ii). Optical Isomerism: This occurs when a
compound is able to rotate a plane polarized
light which is generated through a polarimeter.
When a plane polarized light is made to pass
through the solution of an optically active
compound, the plane polarized light rotates to
the right or clockwisely to give a
dextrorotatory, (+) compound.
If the rotation is to the left or
anticlockwise in nature, it gives
lavorotatory compound which is
indicated with the symbol (-) as
the prefix. 18
 For any isomer to be optically active, it
must possess an asymmetric carbon atom
(i.e. carbon with a stereogenic or chiral
center). Sp3 carbon atom is said to have a
chiral center if it is surrounded by four
different atoms or groups.

Ifa compound has a chiral carbon center

but it is not superimposable on its mirror
image, it is called an enantiomer while
the phenomenon is known as
enantiomerism. 19
Enantiomeric pairs have the same physical
properties, except for the direction of rotation of
plane polarized light, they have one chiral carbon
center each, so, they are optically active and
their enantiomeric pair will be the mirror image
that is not super imposable on starting isomer e.g

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Ordinary and Plane Polarized Light
Ordinary Light: can be defined as
electromagnetic radiation vibrating at right
angle to the direction of its propagation
(transverse wave motion) in an infinite
numbers of plane.

When ordinary light passes through

polarizer, its light vibrates only in one plane
and become polarized.

When this plane polarized light is made to

pass through solution of some compounds, the
plane of polarization is rotated to right or left.21