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M03 SB4 2017
M03 SB4 2017
Thermal balance exists when the sum of all heat flow terms is zero
Qi Qc + Qs Qv - Qe = 0
Combined Modes of Heat Transfer
(a) heat transfer by convection Qch and radiation Qrh from
the hot air and surrounding surfaces to the wall surface,
(b) heat transfer by conduction through the wall Qk,
(c) heat transfer by convection Qcc and radiation Qrc from
the wall surface to the cold air and surrounding surfaces.
Qch Qcc
Qch Qcc
Qk
Qrh Qrc Qk
Qrh Qrc
Thermal Behaviour of Buildings
Qe Qs
Qc
Qs
Qc
Qv
Qi
Qv
Internal Gains
Qi
Internal Gains
Include the heat output of occupants, appliances and
lighting.
Heat output of human bodies at various activities
(metabolic rate)
Appliances and electric lighting as the total consumption
rate (power, in W) for the duration of their use (power x
time = energy, W x h = Wh)
Solar Heat Gain
Ts
Ti
To
Solar Heat Gain
Considered differently for transparent and opaque surfaces
1.Transparent surfaces (e.g. window)
Product of solar irradiance (G), area (A) and solar gain factor (sgf).
The sum of the inward emitted heat and the direct transmission.
Therefore: Qs = A x G x sgf
2.Opaque surfaces (e.g. wall)
Incident solar radiation acts first to increase the external surface
temperature of the element. Termed by sol-air temperature concept, as
more heat will flow from outside to inside.
Radiant heat input: Qin = G x A x abs
Radiant heat loss: Qloss = A x h x (Ts-To) ; h = surface
conductance
Therefore: Qin = Qloss abs = absorbtance
G x A x abs = A x h x (Ts-To)
Ts-To = G x abs / h or Ts-To = G x abs x Rso
Hence: Qs = qc x (Ts-To)
Qs = qc x G x abs / h or Qs = qc x G x abs x Rso
Ventilation Heat Flow
Ti
To
Ventilation Heat Flow
Both deliberate ventilation and incidental air
infiltration cause a heat flow
1.If the ventilation rate (vfr) is known
then the specific ventilation heat flow rate (qv) can be found as
qv = 1200 x vfr ; where 1200 J/m2 K is the volumetric heat
capacity of moist air
2.If the number of air changes per hour (N) is
known
vfr = N x V / 3600 (m3 /s)
where V is the volume of the room or building (m3)
substituting:
qv = 0.33 x N x V ; where 0.33 is 1200/3600
The ventilation heat flow rate (Qv) itself will be
Qv = qv x dT ; where dT = To - Ti
Evaporation heat loss
Qe Qe
Ti
To
Evaporation heat loss
Can be provided as part of a passive system e.g by
roof pool or a courtyard pond, or a spray over the
roof.
It may lower the dry bulb temperature, but increases
the humidity.
Indirectly, evaporation loss occurs if there is some
evaporation within the space or room, but the
moist air is then removed by ventilation (mass
transfer).
If the evaporation rate (evr, in kg/h) is known, heat
loss will be
Ti
To
Conductance and Conductivity
Conductivity (k) (W/m.oC)
Rate at which heat flows through a homogeneous
material
Conductance (C) (W/m2.oC)
Conductivity for a unit area standard thickness
material
C = k x 1/b
b = thickness (m)
Resistance
Resistance (R)
A measure of resistance to heat flow
reciprocal value of C
R = 1/C, or C = 1/R
R = b x 1/k = b/k, or C = k/b
Higher R value = Better insulator
Multilayer body
In multilayer body of different materials the
total resistance = sum of individual
resistance.
R = R1 + R2 + R3 +
R = b1/k1 + b2/k2 + b3/k3 = b/k
C = 1/R = 1/ b/k
Note: conductance is not additive, only
resistance can be added
Building Construction
1/fi R2 R1 R3 1/fo
Ra = 1/fI + Rb + 1/fo
U = 1/Ra U value (transmittance value of building elements)
mostly used in Building thermal calculation
U Value Calculation Example
U Value Calculation Example
If the only influential property is the U-value, a 220 mm brick wall would
similarly behave as 10 mm polystyrene slab.
Reflective Insulation
Resistive Insulation
Capacitive Insulation