UNIT II VI-SEM 2016

ST. JOSEPH UNIVERSITY(TZ)

Protection Apparatus Schemes
Electrical Protection Schemes take actions only
after sensing the occurrence of the fault to
prevent the electrical systems from damage

Then why protections are required?

to limit the damage to the components which
are under fault.
to save the rest of the Power System.
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 Basic Components to be Protected

Generators
Motors
Transformer
Buses
Lines (transmission and distribution)
Utilization equipment (domestic loads)
Note: Protective system cost is 4-5% of the total
cost in industries per IEEE
2
 Protection Zones

Bus zone Bus zone Bus zone

Unit Generator-Tx zone

Line zone Motor zone
Transformer zone
Transformer zone

Bus Line Bus Reactor Bus Motor

Generator Reactor

3
 Quantities Affected in Electrical
System
In electrical system, the generator, transformer and
motors are the most expensive equipments and
hence it is desirable to employ a protective system

The basic electrical quantities those are likely to

change during abnormal fault conditions are current,
voltage, phase angle and frequency

Protective components utilizes one or more of these

quantities to detect abnormal conditions in a power
4
system
MAIN EQUIPMENT FOR
SWITCHGEAR OPERATION
Potential transformer
Current transformer

Relay

Circuit breaker

DC Power Source for operation of the Circuit Breaker

and Relays

Switchgear is a general term covering a wide range

of equipments concerned with switching and
protection.
i.e. Circuit breaker, Isolator, Earth switch etc
 Voltage Transformers
Voltage (potential) transformers are used to isolate and step down
and accurately reproduce the scaled voltage for the protective
device or relay
VT ratios are typically expressed as primary to secondary;
14400:120,

GE Consumer & Industrial

VP

Multilin
6
VT VS

Relay
 Current Transformers
Current transformers are used to step primary system currents to
values usable by relays, meters, SCADA, transducers, etc.
CT ratios are expressed as primary to secondary; 2000:5,

GE Consumer & Industrial

Multilin
7
 Fast operation Auto electric protective device
Act at Abnormal condition.

Energizing an Alarm

Disconnect fault zone

Use system supply to operate.

1. Electromagnetic/conventional Relays
2. Static/solid state Relays
Simple electromechanical relay
 Desirable Protection Attributes
Reliability
Selectivity
Speed
Simple switchgear

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Basic Functioning of Protection
Relay

12
 Functioning of Protection Relay

Getting Inputs from CT and/or PT, Relay

determines whether there is any fault
If it detects any fault then gives trip command
to the circuit breaker
Getting command, circuit breaker disconnects
the faulty sections from rest of the power
system.

13
 Our current discussion will be
based on: Generator Protection

SEMINAR
Transformer Protection(2.5marks for
Assignment1)

Bus bar Protections Plus CT & PT

App(2.5marks for Assignment1)

14
 TYPES OF GENERATOR

AC Generator DC Generator

Induction Generator
Self Excited DC Generator

Separately Excited

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
 AC GENERATOR

Synchronous Generator

Synchronous Generator : in this type the rotor speed is just equal to the flux
produce by the stator . And receiving field excitation from separate field supply

Asynchronous(Induction) Generator

Asynchronous or Induction : in this type Rotor speed is not equal the Flux
produced by the stator

Induction generator takes reactive power from the power system for field
excitation. If an induction generator is meant to supply a standalone load, a
capacitor bank needs to be connected to supply reactive power.

Due to lack of a separated field excitation , these machines are rarely used as
generator
 AC GENERATOR
Synchronous Generator

Field excitation

Asynchronous Generator
 GENERATOR MAIN PARTS

Parts: By Mechanical

Stator (Field winding)

Rotor (Armature winding)

Parts: By Electrical
Armature winding
The winding which carries only the load current.

Field winding
The winding which carries only the field current required to produce
the magnetic flux.
 SCHEME OF GENERATOR
PROTECTION
CLASS A TRIPPING
This is adopted for those electrical faults of Generator and
Generator transformer(TG) and unit auxiliary transformer(UAT)
for which tripping can not be delayed.
- Generator HV side CB
- Field Circuit Breaker
- LV side incomer breakers of UAT
- Auto changeover from unit to station for unit auxiliaries and
tripping of turbine

CLASS B TRIPPING
This is adopted for all turbine faults (Mechanical) and for
some Electrical faults of Generator, Generator transformer
and unit Auxiliary transformer for which it is safe to trip the
turbine after sometime
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 SCHEME OF GENERATOR
PROTECTION
CLASS C TRIPPING
This is adopted for all faults beyond the Generator system
which can be cleared by tripping of Generator transformer HV
side CB alone

In this case the TG set runs with High Power-Low Power

bypass system in operation and the Generator continues to
feed the unit auxiliary load through unit auxiliary
transformers.

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FAULT OCURRENCE & FAULT
CLASSIFICATION
Insulation failure
Stator Fault
Tends to increase with rising
Rotor fault
temp
Abnormal Running Condition
Insulation failure may cause LLL
or LLG.
Bring winding in to direct contact
with core plates.
Any failure to restrict earth fault
may result into core plate
damage.
Insulation of rotor winding is also
important
 INSULATION FAILURE FAULT
Insulation failure.
Tends to deteriate with rising temp.

Insulation failure may cause inter-turn fault, ph to

ph or earth fault.
Bring winding in to direct contact with core plates.

Any failure to restrict earth fault may result into core

plate damage.
Insulation of rotor winding is also important.
PROTECTION APPLIED TO
GENERATOR
Relays to detect faults outside generator
Relays to detect faults in side generator

Over speed protections.

Temp measuring device for bearings, stator

winding, Oil temp.
24
 Generator
Stator protection:
Stator faults include the following-
i. Phase-to-earth faults
ii. Phase-to-phase faults
iii. Inter-turn faults
From these phase faults and inter turn faults are less
common ,these usually develop into an earth faults.
This causes-
Arcing to core
Damage of conductor and insulation
DIFFERENTIAL/MERZ-PRICE PROTECTION
(Phase to Phase Fault)

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 GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL
PROTECTION
Differential protection is a very reliable method of protecting
generators from the effects of internal faults

Under normal conditions or for a fault outside of the protected zone,

current through R1,2&3 are equal
Therefore the currents in the current transformers secondary are also
equal, i.e. CT1 = CT2 and no current flows through the relay

If a fault develops inside of the protected zone, currents CT1 and

CT2 are no longer equal, therefore current through R1,2&3 are not
equal and there is a current flowing through the relay.

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 Phase to Earth Fault

Modified differential protection

 Modified differential
protection:
If any fault occurs near the neutral point then the fault
current is very small and relay does not operate.
Modified differential protection scheme is used to over
come this.
Two phase elements (PC and PA) and balancing
resistor(BR) is connected in star and the earth relay(ER)
is connected between the star point and neutral pilot
wire.
Stator Earth Fault Relay
 mmmmmm

mmmmmm

mmmmmm
mmmmmm

mmmmmm

Loading
Over voltage relay
resistor
With time delay

STATOR EARTHFAULT RELAY

INTER-TURN FAULT
PROTECTION

87s are relays

INTER-TURN FAULT RELAY
OPERATION
The inter-turn fault is a short circuit between the turns of the
same phase winding

The current transformers are connected in the two parallel paths

of the each phase winding

The secondaries of the current transformers are cross connected.

The current transformers work on circulating current principle

The relay is connected across the cross connected secondaries of

the current transformers.
 Generator
Rotor protection

Rotor Earth Fault Protection

Unbalanced Loading/Negative sequence relay
Protection
Loss of Excitation Protection
34
 Rotor Earth Fault Effect First(E/F)
Protection
The dc or ac voltage is impressed
between the field circuit and ground
through a sensitive overvoltage relay
and current limiting resistor or
capacitor(in case of ac)

But dc source is generally used as

over-current relay in case of dc is more
sensitive than ac

A single earth fault in rotor circuit will

complete the path and the fault is
sensed by the relay
D.C. Injection Method Rotor Fault
Protection
 AC Injection method
Rotor earth fault protection
 NEGATIVE PHASE
SEQUENCE CURRENT
PROTECTION
Unbalance loading causing negative sequence currents which
produce a reverse sequence rotating field in the machine

This induces double frequency eddy currents in the rotor

leading to overheating and

Unbalance loading gives rise to double frequency eddy

currents induced in rotor which may cause excessive
overheating

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Negative phase sequence
protection:

1250 1160

1200

Negative Sequence Vectors

 Negative phase sequence
protection:
Unbalance may cause due to single phase
fault or unbalanced loading and it gives rise to
negative sequence current .
This current in rotor causes rotor overheating
and damage to the rotor.
This can be protected by negative sequence
current filter with over current relay.
Negative phase sequence protection:
Field(Excitation) failure protection
 Field(Excitation) failure protection
This normally closed contact of sensitive magnetic coil relay
remains open as the relay coil is energized by shunted
excitation current during normal operation of the excitation
system.

As soon as there is any failure of excitation system, the relay

coil becomes de-energized and the normally closed contact
closes the supply across the coil of timing relay T1.
As the relay coil is energized, the normally open contact of
this relay T 1 is closed.

This contact closes the supply across another timing relay T 2

with an adjustable pickup time delay of 2 to 10 seconds which
in turn operates tripping coil
 FIELD(EXCITATION) CAUSES
Loss of generator field excitation under normal running conditions may
arise due to any of the following condition.
1. Failure of brush gear.
2. unintentional opening of the field circuit breaker.
3. Failure of AVR control
4. Field open circuit
5. Field short circuit
6. Accidental tripping of field Breaker
7. Loss of supply to main Exciter
8. Poor Brush contact in Exciter
9. Field Current Breaker Latch Failure
10. Slip ring Flash Over
 Loss of excitation Effect
When the excitation of generator is lost it operate as a
Induction generator. It derives excitation from the
system and supply power at leading power factor.
Which may cause-
A fall in voltage & so loss of synchronism & system
instability.
Over heating of rotor due to induction current on it.
A protection having MHO characteristic
is used to detect loss of field.
 Loss of Field Protection

Senses when the generators excitation system

has been lost.
When generator loses excitation it will steal
excitation from other gensets & quickly
overheat the rotor due to induced slip-
frequency currents
Reverse VAR protection overcome this
problem

46
Loss of Field Protection

47
Reverse Power Protection
When prime-mover fails machine starts motoring
and draws electrical power from the system and
this is known as inverted operation .
The generator can be protected from inverted
operation by using single-element directional
power relay(reverse power relay) which senses
the direction of power flow.
Failure of the prime mover of a generator set ,will
keep the set running as asynchronous
compensator
Reverse power relay scheme
 Over voltage protection:
Over voltage may be caused due to-
Transient over voltage in the transmission line
due to lightening.
Defective operation of the voltage regulator.
Sudden loss of load due to line tripping.
The protection is provided with an over voltage
relay.
 Overcurrent protection:

Overloading of the machine causes overheating in the

stator winding.
This can be prevented by using over-current relay with
time delay adjustment.
But overheating not only depends on over-current but
also the failure of the cooling system in the generator.
So temperature detector coils such as thermistors or
thermocouples are used at various points in stator
winding for indication of the temperature.
 Temperature Protection

Resistance temperature detectors are used to

sense winding temperatures.

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EQUIPMENT GROUNDING

Prevents shock exposure of personnel

Provides current carrying capability for the ground-fault
current
Grounding includes design and construction of substation
ground mat and CT and VT safety grounding
 GENERATOR PROTECTION SUMMARY
Name Input Protecting to
Differential protection Differential Current Stator core and winding
Stator earth fault Voltage Stator core and winding
Over current Current Stator core and winding
Over voltage Voltage Stator core and winding
Inter-turn short circuit Current Stator core and winding
Rotor Earth Fault Current Rotor winding
Over and under Frequency Turbine protection
frequency
Reverse power flow Voltage and current Turbine protection

Loss of excitation Voltage and current Power System Protection

Back up protection for Voltage and current Generator protection

lines