Cellular Respiration

When we eat, we get energy (glucose and

other sugars)

Food energy is broken down into usable

energy
Energy used to bond phosphate
groups to ADP to make ATP
 Cellular Respiration
What is cell respiration???

Respiration: the process of breaking down

food molecules into usable energy

THE GOAL:
Create ATP for cells to use
Free up electronshave high energy
 Cellular Respiration

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Cellular Respiration
 Cellular Respiration
Types of cell respiration

Aerobic Processes:
REQUIRE oxygen to take place
A lot of energy available (efficient)

Anaerobic Processes:
DO NOT require oxygen to take place
Get energy quickly (inefficient)
 Cellular Respiration

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 Glycolysis
Involves breaking down 6-carbon sugars
Break sugars into pyruvic acid molecules
3-Carbon molecules

This process is ANAEROBIC

No oxygen necessary

Occurs in the cytoplasm of cells

 Glycolysis
You will need to know this
 Glycolysis

Just Kidding
 Glycolysis
Glycolysis also creates hydrogen ions
and free electrons
The whole point of respiration = high energy

H + ions bond with NAD+ to form

NADH + H +
NADH carries electrons and H + ions

This process uses 2ATP molecules and

creates 4 ATP molecules
 Glycolysis
TOTAL ATP PRODUCTION:

Glycolysis Step 1 uses 2 ATP molecules

Glycolysis Step 2 converts 4 ADP molecules

into 4 ATP molecules

Net ATP production = 2 ATP for every

glucose molecule
Glycolysis
 Glycolysis
Oxygen is our friend

When oxygen is present,

aerobic respiration occurs

Happens in the mitochondria

 Glycolysis
Breaking down Pyruvic Acid
Occurs in the mitochondria

Pyruvic Acid = 3-carbon compound

Broken down into

2-Carbon compoundacetic acid
Carbon Dioxide
 Glycolysis
Intermediate Step in Glycolysis

2-Carbon CompoundAcetic Acid

Combined with coenzyme A (CoA)
Forms compound called acetyl-CoA

This is only an intermediate stephave to

move pyruvic acid into Krebs Cycle
 Glycolysis

Glycolysis =
2 ATP
 Cellular Respiration

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 Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle

Produces more ATP and releases more

electrons
Electrons picked up by NAD + and FAD
Organic carrier molecules

Occurs inside mitochondria

Mitochondrial Matrix
 Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle

Acetyl CoA combines with a 4-carbon

molecule to form a 6-carbon molecule
Citric Acid

Citric Acid broken down into a 5-carbon

compound
NAD + removes electrons (NADH + H +)
CO2 released
 Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle

5-carbon compound broken down into a

4-carbon compound
ATP created
NAD + removes electrons (NADH + H +)

CO2 released

4-carbon compound (oxaloacetic acid) is

created
Used to bond with acetyl- CoA to restart cycle
Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle
 Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle

Citric Acid Cycle =

2 ATP
 Cellular Respiration

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 Electron Transport Chain
What is the ETC???
A series of molecules along which electrons
are transferred, releasing energy

Occurs in the mitochondria

wall of mitochondria

Aerobic process
Oxygen is involved
Acts as the electron acceptor
 Electron Transport Chain

As the electrons are passed between

carrier proteins, energy is released
ATP is created

Electrons are given up by the carrier

molecules
NADH and FADH2 ------- NAD + and FAD
Electron Transport Chain
 Electron Transport Chain

As the electrons (H + ions) travel down

the chain, they bond with oxygen
2 H + + 1 O = water (H2O)
Electron acceptor

Carbon is given off as carbon dioxide

Electron Transport Chain
Glycolysis

ETC =
34 ATP
 Electron Transport Chain
A problem exists if there is no oxygen
Anaerobic process

When oxygen is used up, electrons cannot

be removed
Traffic jam in the mitochondria

KEY POINT Electron Transport Chain

cannot run without oxygen
 Anaerobic Respiration
If no oxygen present after glycolysis,
pyruvic acid can still be broken down
Fermentation

2 ATP made during fermentation

Uses electrons carried by NADH + H +

so that NAD+ can regenerate for
glycolysis
 Anaerobic Respiration
Two types of fermentation

Lactic Acid Fermentation

2 Pyruvic 2 Lactic
Glucose
Acid Acid

Alcoholic Fermentation
2 Pyruvic 2 Ethanol
Glucose
Acid + 2 CO2
 Anaerobic Respiration
Lactic Acid Fermentation
NADH produce during glycolysis transfers H
atoms to pyruvate reducing it to lactate.

Muscle fatigue
When your muscle cells require more energy
than can be produced
Lack of oxygen

Lactic acid build up = muscle fatigue

When oxygen is present, lactic acid breaks down

Anaerobic Respiration
 Anaerobic Respiration
Alcohol Fermentation

Occurs in bacteria, plants and most animals

Can you think of a bacteria that is used for

fermentation???

Pyruvic Acid is converted into ethanol and

carbon dioxide
 Dacrboxylate pyruvate , releasing CO2 and
forming 2-C compound called
acetaldehyde.
NADH produced during glycolysis transfers
hydrogen atoms to acetaldehyde, reducing
it to ethyl alcohol.
Basis for the production of beer, wine, and
other alcoholic beverages.
Anaerobic Respiration
 Cellular Respiration

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 Cellular Respiration

General Formula
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O