Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Statistical Tools in Research (June 23,2014)
Statistical Tools in Research (June 23,2014)
Statistical Tools in Research (June 23,2014)
RESEARCH
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
WHAT IS STATISTICS?
1
c1ollec11111111111111ti1on
1
COLLECTION
ORGANIZATION
PRESENTATION
ANALYSIS
INTERPRETATION
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Types of Statistics:
Descriptive
Statistics
Inferential
Statistics
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive Descriptive
statistics provide statistics describe
simple summaries the main features
about the sample of a collection of
and the measures data quantitatively
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Inferential Statistics
Process of drawing
information from
sampled observations
of a population and
making conclusions
about the population.
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Steps in Testing Hypothesis:
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
6. Decide whether to accept or to reject the H0.
7. Make conclusion.
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Basic Statistical Tools:
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
FREQUENCY COUNTS
Gender Frequency %
(f)
Male 56 46.67
Female 64 53.33
Total 120 100
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
PERCENTAGES
% = f/N X 100
where :
f = frequency
N = population
100 = constant value
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
PROPORTIONS AND PERCENTAGES
The number of individuals in whom the disease,
abnormality, or other characteristics occurrence is
observed( the numerator)
The number of individuals in the population
among whom the characteristic occurrence is
ascertained ( the denominator)
A specific period of time during which the disease,
abnormality, or characteristic occurrence is
observed.
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Example:
Given:
500 new cases
2000 ( the actual population of the city)
Representation:
500 cases per 2 million
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
When the denominator is restricted
solely to those persons who are capable
of having or contracting a disease, it is called
POPULATION AT RISK.
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
MEASURES OF DISEASE(EPIDEMIOLOGY)
1 PREVALENCE
2 INCIDENCE
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
PREVALENCE RATE
Prevalence of the disease is the number of cases
(of that disease) at a given point in time.
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
INCIDENCE RATE
Incidence of the disease is the number of NEW
cases that occur during a specified amount of time.
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Example:
Number of cases of coronary heart disease events
(angina, myocardial infarction, or sudden death)
occurring in a population of 742 men during a 12-
year period is
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
RELATIVE RISK (RR)
RR= incidence of disease in exposed group
incidence of disease in unexposed group
Example:
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
ATTRIBUTABLE RISK
The attributable risk is the incidence of disease in an
exposed group minus the incidence of disease in
unexposed group.
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Mean
Arithmetic
Mean Weighted
Mean
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Weighted Mean
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Arithmetic Mean
X= x/N
where:
X = arithmetic mean
x = score
N = population
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
z-test
A. When comparing the population mean with the
sample mean
z= X-
n
where:
X = sample mean
= population mean
= population standard deviation
n = no. of items in a sample
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
B. When comparing two sample means
z = X1 X2
/1/n1 + 1/n2
where:
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
C. When comparing two sample proportions
z= P1 P2
P1q1 P2q2
n1 n2
where:
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
t-test
A. When comparing the population mean with the
sample mean
t= X-
s/n-1
where:
X= sample mean
= population mean
s = sample standard deviation
n= no. of items in a sample
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
F = MSSb
MSSw
where:
MSSb = Mean Sum of Squares (between)
MSSw = Mean Sum of Sqaures (within)
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Chi-Square Test
k 2
X2 = [0 E]
n=1 E
where:
O = Observed frequencies
E = Expected frequencies
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Correlation
r= N XY X Y ____________
[NX2 (X)2] [NY2 (Y)2]
where:
X and Y = variables
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Spearman Rank
r= 1 - 6 D2
N(N2 -1)
where:
D= differences between ranks of
corresponding values of X and Y
N= the number of pairs of values in the data
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Nonparametric Statistics
Population is not normal/distribution free
Small sample (below 30)
Non random sampling
Ordinal, nominal-categorical data
Less efficient
Data are changed to ranks or signs
Does not use all information in the sample throw
away information
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
One Sample Case
Binomial Test
Chi-square Test
Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Two-independent Samples
Case
Mann-Whitney U Test
Moses Extreme Actions Test
Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z Test
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Two-related Samples Case
Wilcoxon Test
Sign Test
Mc Nemar Test
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
K-independent Samples Case
Kruskal-Wallis H Test
Jonckheere-Terpsta Test
Median Test
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
K-related Samples Case
Friedman Test
Kendalls W Test
Cochrans Q Test
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Correlation
Spearmans Rank Correlation
Coefficient
Kendall Rank Correlation
Coefficient
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
STATISTICAL TOOLPAK
Open a MS Excel Sheet
Click the Office Button
Click the Excel Options
Steps in Click Add-ins
Installing Highlight Analysis Toolpak
the Toolpak: Click GO
Check the Add-ins Analysis
Toolpack and Analysis
Toolpak-VBA
Click OK
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
T-test
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
t Stat = 9.90754 (CV)
t Critical two-tail = 2.14479 (TV)
CV TV
reject H0
There is a significant difference
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
ANOVA
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
F = 97.3395 (CV)
F Crit = 2.769431 (TV)
CV TV
reject H0
There is a significant difference
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Correlation
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
gender & LC -0.29939
age & LC 0.465041
yr level & LC 0.465041
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Degree of Relationship
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga
Testing the Significance of r
t= r n-2/1-r2
Joylyn Picar-Baniaga