ENVIRONMENT & MECHANISM

EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT ( CONSCIOUSLY )

STIMULUS
RECEPTOR

EFFECTOR
INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT ( UNCONSCIOUSLY )

REACTION
STIMULUS ( STIMULI , IMPULS )
1. EXTEROCEPTIVE :
EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT, CONSCIOUSLY :
1.1. SMELL 1.4. TASTE
1.2. SIGHT 1.5. TOUCH & PRESSURE
1.3. HEARING 1.6. PAIN & TEMPERATURE
2. INTEROCEPTIVE :
INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT, UNCONSCIOUSLY:
2.1. PROPRIOCEPTIVE :
2.1.1. MUSCLE 2.1.3. TENDON
2.1.2. JOINT 2.1.4. EQUILIBRIUM
2.2. VISCEROCEPTIVE :
ORGANAE VISCERALES
COMPONENTS OF SYSTEMA NERVOSUM CENTRALE
1. PARTES NON-NEURALIS :
1.1. PROTECTIO SNC :
1.1.1. OSSA CRANIALES
1.1.2. MENINGES
1.1.3. CISTERNAE SUB-
ARACHNOIDEALES
1.2. VASCULARISATIO
1.3. SYSTEMA VENTRICULI
1.4. LIQUOR CEREBRO-
SPINALIS ( LCS ).
2. PARTES NEURALES:
2.1. ENCEPHALON
2.2. MEDULLA SPINALIS
 DURAMATER
1. STRATUM PERIOSTEALE (DURAMATER EXTERNA;ENDOCRANIUM)

& TABULA INTERNA

CAVUM EPIDURALE
( A. MENINGEA MEDIA )

TRAUMA CAPITIS

HAEMORRHAGIA EPIDURALE

2. STRATUM MENINGEALE ( DURAMATER INTERNA , DURAMATER

VERA )

.
PROTRUSION OF DURAMATER

1. FALX CEREBRI

3. DIAPHRAGMA SELLAE

GLD. HYPOPHYSE

2. TENTORIUM CEREBELLI
4. FALX CEREBELLI
 CISTERNAE SUBARACHNOIDEALES:
WIDENING OF SPATIUM SUBARACHNOIDEALIS.

CONSISTS OF CISTERNAE :
1. CHIASMATIS

2. INTERPEDUNCULARIS

3.PONTIS

4. CEREBELLOMEDULLARIS

5. VV.MAGNA CEREBRI.
6. SUPERIOR
 SYSTEMA VENTRICULI
.
1 VENTRICULI LATERALES

FOR. INTERVENTRICULARE MONROI

2. VENTRICULUS TERTIUS
AQUAEDUCTUS CEREBRI SYLVII

3. VENTRICULUS QUARTUS

CANALIS CENTRALIS

EXITUS VENTRICULI QUARTI :

1. APERTURAE LATT.VENTR.IV
( FORAMINA LUSCHKA )
2. APERTURA MED. VENTR.IV
( FORAMEN MAGENDI )
 FLOW OF LIQUOR CEREBROSPINALIS.
VENTRICULI LATERALES.

FOR.INTERVENT.MONROI

VENTRICULUS III

AQUAEDUCT.CEREB.SYLVII

VENTRICULUS IV

FORAMINA MAGENDIE ET LUSCHKA

CAVUM SUBARACHNOIDEALIS

GRANULATIONES SUBARACHNOID.
LCS PRODUCED BY PLEXUS CHORIOIDEUS
ENCEPHALON
1. CEREBRUM :
HAEMISPHAERIAE CEREBRALES DEXTRA ET SINISTRA

CORPUS CALLOSUM

2. DIENCEPHALON :
2.1. THALAMUS
2.2. HYPOTHALAMUS

3.TRUNCUS ENCEPHALICUS:
3.1. MESENCEPHALON
3.2. PONS VAROLI
3.3. MEDULLA OBLONGATA

4. CEREBELLUM
 CEREBRUM
LOCATION : CAVUM CRANII ; WEIGHT:1400 GR ( 2% BW )
LOBI CEREBRALES :
1. FRONTALIS
2. PARIETALIS
3.OCCIPITALIS
4. TEMPORALIS
5. INSULA
*LOBUS LIMBIC
 CHARACTERISTICS OF CEREBRUM

1. GYRUS
2. SULCUS

3. SUBSTANTIA :
3.1. GRISEA
( CORTEX CEREBRI )

3.2. ALBA
( MEDULLA CEREBRALIS )

INSULA
( EMOSI & HOMEOSTASIS )
AREA FUNCTIONALIS CEREBRI
 LOBUS (SYSTEMA LIMBIC ; LIMBUS = MARGIN )
IS A COMPLEX SET OF STRUCTURES THAT LIES ON BOTH SIDES OF
THALAMUS JUST UNDER THE CEREBRUM AND FORM THE INNER
BORDER OF CEREBRAL CORTEX ( CORTEX CEREBRI ).
FUNCTION : EMOTION , BEHAVIOUR , LONG TERM MEMORY & SMELL.

LOBUS FRONTALIS
THALAMUS

CONSISTS OF :
2. HIPPOCAMPUS

3. AMYGDALA
4. NUCLEUS THALAMICUS ANTERIOR
1. HYPOTHALAMUS
5. CORPUS MAMMILLARIA
BULBUS OLFACTORIUS
 GANGLIA BASALES ( NUCLEI TELECEPHALII )

GROUP OF NUCLEI TELENCEPHALICUS LOCATED AT BOTH SIDE

OF THALAMUS.
CONSISTS OF: 1.2.1.PUTAMEN
1. CORPUS STRIATUM: CAUDA NUCL.CAUDATI
1.1. NUCL.CAUDATUS
CORPUS NUCL.CAUDATI
CAPUT NUCL.CAUDATI
. 1.2. NUCL. LENTIFORMIS
( LENTICULARIS )

1.2.2. GLOBUS PALL IDUS

3. CLAUSTRUM

2. CORPUS AMYGDALOIDEUM
 CROSS SECTION OF GANGLIA BASALES
1. CORPUS STRIATUM:
1.1. NUCL.CAUDATUS
1.2. NUCL. LENTIFORMIS
( LENTICULARIS ) :
1.2.1. PUTAMEN

1.2.2. GLOBUS PALLIDUS

2. CORPUS AMYGDALOIDEUM
3. CLAUSTRUM

FUNCTION OF GANGLIA BASALES :

1. COGNITION CONTROLE
2. MOVEMENT COORDINATOR
3. VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT
THALAMUS
LOCATION :
UPPER PART OF DIENCEPHALON: ( 80% )

CONSISTS OF 2 LOBES :
1. LOBUS DEXTRA ( RIGHT LOBE )
---MASSA INTERMEDIA
(INTERMEDIATE MASS)
2. LOBUS SINISTRA ( LEFT LOBE )

FUNCTION :
SLEEP & WAKEFULNESS
( THALAMO CORTICO THALAMO CIRCUIT )
HYPOTHALAMUS
THALAMUS

LOCATION :
DIENCEPHALON,BELOW THALAMUS

CONTENT : SMALL NUCLEI WITH

VARIETY OF FUNCTIONS

FUNCTION :
- CONTROL BODY TEMP, HUNGER,
THIRST,FATIGUE,
- CIRCADIAN CYCLES
 TRUNCUS ENCEPHALICUS ( BRAIN STEM )
LOCATION
BETWEEN DIENCEPHALON ( CRANIAL ), MEDULLA
SPINALIS ( CAUDAL ) AND CEREBELLUM ( DORSAL )

DIENCEPHALON
CONSISTS OF :
1. MESENCEPHALON

2. PONS VAROLI

3. MEDULLA OBLONGATA
MEDULLA SPINALIS
CEREBELLUM
FORMATIO RETICULARIS ( RETICULAR FORMATION )
IS A DIFFUSE NETWORK OF NERVE FIBERS AND CELLS IN
PARTS OF THE BRAIN STEM THAT HAVE IMPORTANT ROLE IN
REGULATING CONSCIOUSSNESS OR WAKEFULNESS.

FUNCTION :

SLEEP & CONSCIOUSNESS THROUGH

RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM (RAS) :

1. ARAS ( ASCENDING RAS )

2. DRAS ( DESCENDING RAS )

MEDULLA OBLONGATA ( MEDULLA )

CONTENTS : CENTERS OF:

CARDIAC,RESPIRATORY,
VOMITING,VASOMOTOR
& DEALS WITH AUTONOMIC

FUNCTION :
BREATHING, HEART RATE RATE & BP.

M O : NN CRANIALES VI XII

GENERAL ANESTHESIA :

DEPRESSING MO.
 CEREBELLUM

LOCATION :
FOSSA CEREBRI POSTERIOR
( FOSSA CEREBELLARIS ), DORSAL
TO PONS VAROLI & M 0

FUNCTION :
1. SYNCHRONIZATION & COORDINATION
OF BODY MOVEMENTS.
2. PARTICIPATE IN BODY POSITION &
EQUILIBRIUM.
PARTS OF CEREBELLUM
1. HEMISPHAERIAE CEREBELLARES
1.1. LOBUS ANTERIOR CEREBELLI
1.2. LOBUS POSTERIOR CEREBELLI
1.3. LOBUS FLOCCULO-NEDULARIS
2. VERMIS CEREBELLI :
CONNECTING BOTH HEMISPP.
CEREBELLARES.
PEDUNCULI CEREBELLARES :
1. SUPERIOR (BRACHIUM CONJUNCTIVUM):
MESENCEPHALON IMPULS FROM
CEREBELLUM TO CORTEX CEREBRI.
2. MEDIUS ( BRACHIUM PONTIS ):
PONS VAROLI : CORTEX CEREBRI & PONS
TO CEREBELLUM.
3. INFERIOR ( CORPUS RESTIFORME) : MO :
EQUILIBRIUM FROM NUCLEI VESTIB. &
PROPRIOCEPTIVE IMPULS FROM MS
NUCLEI CEREBELLARES

VERMIS CEREBELLI

LATERAL TO MEDIAL :

1. NUCLEUS DENTATUS

2. NUCL. EMBOLIFORMIS

4. NUCLEUS FASTIGIUS

3. NUCLEUS GLOBOSUS
 UPPER AND LOWER MOTOR NEURON
IMPULS
CORTEX CEREBRI
CORTEX CEREBRI

TRUNCUS ENCEPHALICUS
TRUNCUS ENCEPH.
ing

MEDULLA SPINALIS
MEDULLA SPINALIS
EFFECTOR
( MUSCLES)
RECEPTOR ( SKIN )
SENSORIC MOTORIC
UPPER MOTOR NEURON ( UMN )
UMN: NEURON ORIGINATED FROM MOTORIC AREA OF CORTEX CEREBRI,
TRUNCUS ENCEPHALICUS, MEDULLA SPINALIS AND BRING MOTORIC
IMPULS TO THE LAST TRACTUS ( TERMINAL TRACT ; JARAS AKHIR ; FINAL
COMMON PATHWAYS ) .

TRACTUS ( PATHWAY , JARAS ) : NERVES FIBERS WHICH HAVE THE SAME

ORIGIN , TERMINAL AND FUNCTION .

FINAL COMMON PATHWAYS ( TRACTUS TERMINALIS ) : MOTORIC NEURON

THAT DOES NOT DIRECTLY STIMULATE RELATED MUSCLE.

UMN IS THE FIRST ORDER NEURONS , CONSISTS OF

1. TRACTUS PYRAMIDALIS ( PYRAMIDAL TRACT )
2. TRACTUS EXTRAPYRAMIDALIS ( EXTRAPYRAMIDAL TRACT )
TRACTS OF THE UMN
TRACTS PATHWAYS FUNCTION

CORTICOSPINAL MOTOR CORTEX TO LMN IN - FINE VOLUNTARY MOTOR CONTROL

THE VENTRAL HORN OF THE OF THE LIMBS.
SPINAL CORD. - ALSO CONTROLS VOLUNTARY BODY
POSTURE ADUSTMENTS.

CORTICOBULBAR MOTOR CORTEX TO SEVERAL INVOLVED IN CONTROL OF FACIAL

NUCLEI IN THE PONS AND AND JAW MUSCULATURE, SWALLOWING
MEDULLA OBLONGATA. AND TONGUE MOVEMENT

COLLICULOSPINAL SUPERIOR COLLICULUS TO INVOLVED IN INVOLUNTARY ADJUSTMENT

LOWER MOTOR NEURONS OF HEAD POSITION IN RESPONSE TO
VISUAL INFORMATION.

RUBROSPINAL RED NUCLEUS TO LOWER INVOLUNTARY ADJUSTMENT OF ARM

MOTOR NEURON POSITION IN RESPONSE TO BALANCE
INFORMATION ,SUPPORT OF THE BODY

VESTIBULOSPINAL VESTIBULAR NUCLEI , WHICH RESPONSIBLE FOR ADJUSTING

PROCESSES STIMULI FROM POSTURE TO MAINTAIN BALANCE
SEMICIRCULAR CANAL

RETICULOSPINAL FROM RETICULAR REGULATES VARIOUS INVOLUNTARY

FORMATION MOTOR ACTIVITIES & ASSISTS IN
BALANCE
 TRACTUS PYRAMIDALIS

CORTEX CEREBRI
( GYRUS PRECENTRALIS )

DECUSSATIO PYRAMIDALIS

TRACTUS CORTICOSPINALIS LAT.

TRACTUS CORTICOSPINALIS ANT.

 TRACTUS EXTRAPYRAMIDALIS
INVOLVED IN AUTOMATIC
MOTOR MOVEMENT AND
IN GROSS RATHER THAN
FINE MOVEMENTS.

COMPONENTS :
1. BASAL GANGLIA
2. RED NUCLEUS
3. SUBSTANTIA NIGRA
4. RETICULAR FORMATION
5. CEREBELLUM.

BASAL GANGLIA ACTS TO

INHIBIT RELEASE PHENO-
MENON.
 LOWER MOTOR NEURON
LMNs ( SECOND ORDER NEURONS ) ARE CRANIAL AND SPINAL NERVES, THEIR
CELL BODIES ARE LOCATED IN THE BRAIN STEM BUT THEIR AXONS CAN LEAVE
THE CNS AND SYNAPS WITH THE MUSCLES OF THE BODY.

ALL LMN ARE EITHER SPINAL OR CRANIAL

NERVES.

ALL SPINAL NERVES HAVE A LMN COMPONENT

AS THEY ARE MIXED NERVES.

NOT ALL CRANIAL NERVES HAVE LMN COMPO-

NENTS , SOME OF THEM CONTAIN ONLY
SENSORY FIBERS : I . II AND VII.

IN ORDER TO REACH EFFECTOR IMPULS UMN

MUST SYNAPS WITH LMN CAUSE ONLY LMN
IMPULS CAN LEAVE THE CNS.
 UPPER AND LOWER MOTOR NEURON RELATIONSHIP

UPPER MOTOR NEURON

CEREBRAL CORTEX

BRAINSTEM

SPINAL CORD

LOWER MOTOR NEURON

EFFECTOR
LESION OF UPPER AND LOWER MOTOR NEURON
MNEMONICS : STORM Baby :

UMN DIFFERENCES LMN

PROXIMAL AND DISTAL S(TRENGTH) LOWER , MORE ON
EQUAL DISTAL

INCREASES ( SPASTIC ) T(ONE) DECREASES ( FLACCID )

NEGATIVE SUPERFICIAL O(THERS) FASCICULATE,FIBRILLATE

REFLEXES ; CLONUS .REACTION OF
DEGENERATION
INCREASE R(EFLEXES) :DTR DECREASE ( HYPOACTIVE
(HYPERACTIVE) (DEEP TENDON REFLEX )
/ ABSENT )

SLIGHT LOSS ONLY / M(USCLE MASS) DECREASES / ATROPHY ,

LATE LOSS EARLY LOSS

POSITIVE ( TOE UP ) Bab(insk)y NEGATIVE ( TOE DOWN )

 VASCULARISATIO CEREBRI
CRANIAL MARGIN OF CARTIL.THYREOIDEA SUBSTANTIA PERFORATA
ANTERIOR.
1. A. CAROTIS INTERNA :
1.1. PARS CERVICALIS
1.2. PARS PETROSA
1.3. PARS CAVERNOSA
1.4. PARS CEREBRALIS
* SINUS CAROTICUS ( BULBUS
CAROTICUS ) : BARORECEPTOR
* CAROTID BODY ( GLOMUS
CAROTICUS ) : CHEMORECEPTOR
A. BASILARIS
2. A. VERTEBRALIS
(FORR.COSTOTRANSVERSARIAE C 6 1 )
A. CAROTIS COMMUNIS
A. SUBCLAVIA
VASCULARISATIO CEREBRI
LOBUS FRONTALIS
A. CEREBRI ANTERIOR

A. CAROTIS INTERNA

A. CEREBRI MEDIA
LOBUS TEMPORALIS
A. COMMUNICANS POST

A. CEREBRI POSTERIOR
( POSTERIOR PARTS )
A. BASILARIS
 CIRCULUS ARTERIOSUS WILLISII
AT FOSSA INTERPEDUNCULARIS TARINI (CISTERNA INTERPEDUNCULARIS)
BASIS CEREBRI THERE ARE ANASTOMOSES OF BLOOD VESSELS.

A. COMMUNICANS ANTERIOR*
A. CAROTIS INTERNA*

A. CEREBRI MEDIA
A. CEREBRI ANT*.
A.COMMUNICANS POST*
A. BASILARIS

A. CEREBRI POST*

A. VERTEBRALIS
HAEMORRHAGIA INTRACEREBRALES(STROKE)
LOCATION :
1. LOBI CEREBRALES ( A )
2. GANGLIA BASALES ( B )
3. THALAMUS ( C )
4. TRUNCUS ENCEPH.( D )
( MOSTLY : PONS )
5 . CEREBELLUM ( E )

ORIGIN OF BLEEDING :
1. A. BASILARIS
2. A. CEREBRI ANT.
3. A. CEREBRI MEDIA
4. A. CEREBRI POST.
 MEDULLA SPINALIS

LOCATION : CRANIAL PART OF CANALIS VERTEBRALIS.

: 45 CM , : 43 CM, FROM BASIS CRANII (FORAMEN OCCIPITALE
MAGNUM ) - L1-2 ( CONUS MEDULLARIS )
PIAMATER

FILUM TERMINALE

CAVITAS SUBARACHNOIDEALIS M S ( VERT. S-2 )

CAUDAL L-1
FILUM TERMINALE & LUMBOSACRAL FIBERS

CAUDA EQUINA.
 PARTS OF MEDULLA SPINALIS ( SPINAL CORD )

SULCUS MEDIANA POSTERIOR

SULCUS INTERMEDIUS POSTERIOR
SULCUS POSTEROLATERALIS
1. SUBSTANTIA ALBA ( WHITE MATTER )
1.1. COLUMNA (FUNICULUS) POSTERIOR
1.2. COLUMNA (FUNICULUS) LATERALIS
1.3. COLUMNA (FUNICULUS) ANTERIOR
TRACTUS ( PATHWAYS , JARAS )
2. SUBSTANTIA GRISEA (GREY MATTER )
2.1. CORNU POSTERIOR
2.2. CORNU LATERALIS
2.3. CORNU ANTERIOR
SULCUS MEDIANA ANTERIOR
INTUMESCENTIA ( SPINAL INTUMESCENCE ):
1. CERVICALIS ( C 5 T 1 ) : PLEXUS BRACHIALIS
2. LUMBALIS ( L 2,3 S 3 ) : PLEXUS LUMBOSACRALIS
COLUMNA (FUNICULUS) ANTERIOR
SPINAL REFLEX

DEFINITION :
AUTOMATIC & INVOLUNTARY RESPONS TO INTERNAL & EXTERNAL
CHANGE.

COMPONENTS OF REFLEX ARC:

1. SENSORIC RECEPTOR ( SKIN )
2. SENSORIC NEURON
3. INTERNEURON
4. MOTORIC NEURON
5. EFFECTOR ( MUSCLE )
 NERVI CRANIALES

N. OLFACTORIUS ( I )
N. OPTICUS ( II )
N. OCULOMOTORIUS (III)
N. TROCHLEARIS (IV)
N. TRIGEMINUS ( V )
N. ABDUCENS ( VI )
N. FACIALIS ( VII )
N..VESTIBULOCOCHLEARIS (VIII)
N. GLOSSOPHARYNGEUS ( IX )
N. VAGUS ( X )
N. ACCESSORIUS ( XI )
N. HYPOGLOSSUS ( XII )
 NERVI CRANIALES
NERVE LOCATION FUNCTION

I BULBUS SMELL
OLFACTORIUS
II THALAMUS SIGHT
III MESENCEPHALON MM.RS,RI,RM ET OI, PALPEBRA & PUPIL

IV MESENCEPHALON M. RECTUS LATERALIS

V PONS VAROLI EYE. TEETH, SKIN, TONGUE,
MM.MASTICATORIAE
VI PONS VAROLI M.OBLIQUUS SUPERIOR OCULI
VII PONS VAROLI TASTE( ANT.TONGUE),MM.FACIALES &
SALIVA
VIII PONS VAROLI INNER EAR ( HEARING & BALANCE )
IX MEDULLA PHARYNX & MM.PHARYNGEALES
OBLONGATA
X MEDULLA ORGANA VISCERALES
OBLONGATA
XI MEDULLA MUSCLES OF NECK AND BACK
OBLONGATA
XII MEDULLA MM. EXTRINSIC LINGUAE
OBLONGATA
 NERVI CRANIALES MNEMONICS
1. NAMES OF NERVES
1.1.OH, OH, OH, TO TOUCH AND
FEEL VERY GOOD VELVET AH
1.2. OLD OFFICERS OFTEN
TRUST THE ARMY FOR A
GLORY VAGUE AND
HYPOTHETICAL
2. FUNCTON ( SENSORIC,
MOTORIC & BOTH )
2.1. SOME SAY MARRY MONEY,
BUT MY BROTHER SAYS
BIG BUSINESS MAKES
MONEY
2.2.SOME SAY MARRY MONEY,
BUT MY BROTHER SAYS
BIG BRAINS MATTER MOST
 NERVI PERIPHERICUM PRINCIPALES
NERVUS NN.SPINALES FUNCTION

PHRENICUS C3C5 DIAPHRAGMA

MUSCULOCUTANEUS C 5 - TH 1 MM.VENTRALES BRACHII & SKIN OF FORE

ARM
RADIALIS C 5 TH 1 MM DORSALES BRACHII AND SKIN OF
FORE ARM AND HAND
MEDIANUS C 5 - TH 1 MM ANTEBRACHII, MUSCLES, AND SKIN OF
THE HAND
ULNARIS C 5 TH 1 MM ANTEBRACHII ET MANUS , SKIN OF THE
HAND
INTERCOSTALES TH 2 TH 12 MM INTERCOSTALES ET ABDOMINALES,
SKIN OF THE TRUNK
FEMORALIS L2- L4 MUSCLES AND SKIN OF THE THIGH AND
LEG
ISCHIADICUS L4- S3 MUSCLES AND SKIN OF THE THIGH, LEG
AND FOOT
PLEXUS BRACHIALIS
WEBBING OF RR VENTRALES NN SPINALES C5,6,7.8 ET T1
 PLEXUS & CANALIS CERVICO-AXILLARIS
MEDULLA SPINALIS ( SPINAL CORD )

NN SPINALES ( SPINAL NERVES ) C 5 T 1

PLEXUS BRACHIALIS
WEBBING
CANALIS CERVICO-AXILLARIS
NARROW SPACE BORDERED BY :
1. ANTERIOR : CLAVICULA
2. POSTERIOR : CRANIAL BORDER OF
SCAPULA :

3. MEDIALLATERAL BORDER OF
COSTA I:
TOPOGRAPHIC OF A. AXILLARIS ET PLEXUS BRACHIALIS

LOOK LIKE AS A. AXILLARIS PIERCES PLEXUS BRACHIALIS

 RAMI TERMINALES PLEXUS BRACHIALIS

NERVES FASCICULIUS INNERVATION OF

AXILLARIS POSTERIOR AXILLA & SHOULDER

( C5,C6)
RADIALIS POSTERIOR UPPER & LOWER ARM
( C5,C6,C7,C8,T1) AND HAND
MUSCULOCUTANEUS FASCICULUS LAT. UPPER ARM & SKIN
( C5,C6,C7 ) OF LOWER ARM

MEDIANUS FASCICULI MED & LAT. LOWER ARM & HAND

( C5,C6,C7,C8,T1 )

ULNARIS FASCICULUS MEDIALIS LOWER ARM & HAND

( C7,T1 )
 INNERVATIO MANUS
VOLA MANUS :
N. ULNARIS : 1 ULNAR HAND & FINGERS
N. MEDIANUS : 3 RADIAL HAND & FINGERS
N. RADIALIS : RADIAL SIDE

DORSUM MANUS
N. RADIALIS : 3 RADIAL HAND & FINGERS
N. ULNARIS : 1 ULNAR HAND & FINGERS
N. MEDIANUS : PHALANGES INTERMEDIUS II , III
& RADIAL PHALANX INTERMEDIUS III :
APPLIED ANATOMY
DYSFUNCTION OF N. MEDIANUS
1. CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME:

CAUSED BY PRESSURE TO N. MEDIANUS IN CANALIS CARPI ,

SIGNS :

1.1. PAIN
1.2. PARESTHESIA
1.3. NUMBNESS
1.4. MUSCLE WEAKNESS
 DYSFUNCTION OF N. MEDIANUS
2. APE HAND DEFORMITY
INJURY OF N. MEDIANUS

ATROPHY OF MM. THENARES

* EXTENSOR MUSCLES DRAW THUMB PARALLEL WITH FINGERS

( THUMB EXTENDED AND HAND FLATTENED * UNABLE TO DO
FLEXIO AND OPPOSITIO

.
 DYSFUNCTION OF N. ULNARIS
CLAW HAND
INJURY TO ULNAR NERVE

ATROPHY OF HYPOTHENAR , INTEROSSEI AND MEDIAL 2 LUMBRICALS

* HYPEREXTENSION FINGER 4 & 5 AT METACARPOPHALANGEAL JOINT.

* FLEXIO FINGER 4 & 5 AT THE DISTAL & PROXIMAL INTERPHALANGEAL
JOINT
HAND APPEAR LIKE THE CLAW OF ANIMAL
.
 DYSFUNCTION OF N. RADIALIS
1. SATURDAY NIGHT PALSY ( CRUTCH PALSY )
2. WRIST DROP DEFORMITY

INJURY TO N. RADIALIS

PARALYSIS MM. EXTENSORES ANTEBRACHII

PLEXUS LUMBOSACRALIS

WEBBING OF RR VENTRALES NN L1 S1
BRANCHES :
1. N.CUT.FEM.LAT.
2. N. FEMORALIS
3. N.GENITOFEM.
4. N.FURCALIS
5. N.ISCHIADICUS
6. N.OBTURATORIUS
7. N.PUDENDUS
 N. FEMORALIS
RR VENTRALES NN SPINALES L2 4

N. FEMORALIS

VENTRAL TO M. ILIACUS
LATERAL TO M. PSOAS MAJOR
1. M. SARTORIUS

CAUDALLY BETWEEN MM. PSOAS ET ILIACUS

( LATERAL TO A. FEMORALIS )
2. M. PECTINEUS
N. SAPHENUS
3. M.QUADRICEPS FEMORIS
 INNERVATIO ANTERIOR PART OF THE THIGH.

1. N. CUTANEUS FEMORIS LATERALIS

2. N. FEMORALIS

3. NN. CUTANEI FEMORALES ANTERIORES

4. N. OBTURATORIA

5. N. PUDENDUS

6. N. SAPHENUS
 N. ISCHIADICUS ( SCIATIC NERVE )
PLEXUS LUMBOSACRALIS ( L4-5 ; S1-3 )
LARGEST AND THICKEST NERVE
M. PIRIFORMIS
FORAMEN INFRAPIRIFORMIS

CAUDOLATERAL BETWEEN TROCHANTER

MAJOR & TUBER ISCHIADICUM
N. ISCHIADICUS

DISTAL THIGH ( UPPER LIMB )

1. N. TIIBIALIS

2. N. PERONEUS COMMUNIS
( COMMON PERONEAL NERVE )
LOCATION FOR INTRA MUSCULAR INJECTION
GLUTEAL REGION : THICK MUSCULAR
MUST AVOID INJURY TO NERVES OR BLOOD VESSELS.

UPPER LATERAL QUADRANT

SIAS

3RD FINGER

INDEX

POLLUX
 N. TIBIALIS (N. POPLITEUS MEDIALIS)
N. ISCHIADICUS
N. PERONAEUS COMM.

N. TIBIALIS

DORSAL TERHADAP VASA POPLITEA

N.CUT. SURAE MED.

REGIO RETROMALLEOLARIS MEDIALIS

NN.PLANTARES LATERALIS ET MEDIALIS.

( PLANTAR PEDIS; SOLE OF THE FOOT )
N. PERONAEUS COMMUNIS ( N. POPLITEUS LATERALIS )
N. TIBIALIS
N. PERONAEUS COMMUNIS

N. CUT.SURAE LAT
CAPITULUM. FIBULAE
000000000 CIRCLING

1.N. PERONAEUS PROF

(N. TIBIALIS ANTERIOR )
.
2. N. PERONAEUS ( FIBULARIS ) SUPERFICIALIS
( N. PERONAEUS POSTERIOR )

NN. CUT. PEDES DORSALES MEDIALIS ET INTERMED

INNERVATION OF FOOT ( DORSUM PEDIS )

N. PERONAEUS PROFUNDUS

N.CUT.PEDIS DORSALIS MEDIALIS

( N. PERONAEUS SUPERF. )
N.CUT.PEDIS DORSALIS INTERMEDIUS.
( N. PERONAEUS SUPERF. )
N.CUT.PEDIS DORSALIS LATERALIS
( N. SURALIS )
INNERVATION OF SOLE OF THE FOOT ( PLANTAR PEDIS )

N. TIBIALIS

N. SURALIS

N. SAPHENUS

N. PLANTARIS MEDIALIS

N. PLANTARIS LATERALIS
APPLIED ANATOMY
INJURY TO N.PERONEUS COMMUNIS:
1. DIRECT TRAUMA : GIBS
2. FRACTURA CRURIS
3. TOO LONG KNEEL DOWN
SIGNS :
1. FOOT DROP DEFORMITY DUE TO PARALYSIS OF MM. ABDUCTORES
ET EXTENSORES.
2. UNABLE TO DO FOOT EVERSION.
 INJURY TO TIBIAL NERVE
WOUNDSHOT AT DISTAL FOSSA POPLITEA

CLAW FOOT ( PES CAVUS )

*HIGH ARCUS LONGIT.PEDIS
*DEPRESSED ARCUS METATARSALIS
*CONTRACTURE OF DORSAL TOES,

PRESSURE TO N. PLANTARIS MEDIALIS

TARSAL TUNNEL SYNDROME

PARESTESIA ( TINGLING SENSATION)

KNOCK AT MALLEOLUS MEDIALIS REGION
 AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
PARASYMPH. SYMPATHIC

REST & FIGHT OR

DIGEST SYST FLIGHT
(VEGETATIVE) SYSTEM

4 FS
( FRIGHT,
FEAR
: FIGHT
FLIGHT )
ORIGIN
BRAINSTEM T1 L 2
( III, VII, IX, X ) (THORACO
& LUMBAL)

S2,3,4
(PELVIC
SPLANCHNICUS)
= CRANIOSACRAL
64