The Software Challenge

People may come and go, but software may remain

A software product is often expected to be used for an
extended period of time by someone who did not
write the program and who is not intimately familiar
with its internal design
Software may evolve
New features may be added, environments may
change, so initial specification may be incomplete

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 The Software Specification Challenge

Software specification is not easy

It should be generated at the beginning of project and
maintained up-to-date while the software goes
through changes
It should be clarified through extensive interaction
between the users and the system analyst, and then
approved by the users
It should be clear and understandable to any
programmer

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 The Software Life Cycle The Life and
Death of Software
Software products go through several stages as they
mature from initial concept to finished product
The sequence of stages is called a life cycle

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 Software Life Cycle Models

Waterfall model: simplest way of organizing activities

that transform software from one stage to another
Activities are performed in sequence and the results of
one flows into the next

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 Waterfall Model

1 Requirements (requirements are determined)

2 Analysis (requirements are analyzed)
3 Design (components are designed)
4 Implementation (components are implemented)
5 Testing (components are assembled and tested as a
whole)

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 Software Life Cycle Models

Waterfall model is simple but unworkable

Fundamental flaw is assumption that each stage can
and must be completed before the next one occurs
Sometimes, it is not until the product is finished that the
user can fully express his or her requirements

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 Software Life Cycle Activities

1) Requirements 4) Test
Specification a. Unit Test
2) Design b. Integration Test
a. Architectural Design c. Acceptance Test
b. Component Design 5) Installation
c. Detailed Design 6) Maintenance
3) Implementation

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 Design Principles in Software Life Cycle
Activities
Top-down approach: breaking a system into a set of
smaller subsystems
Object-oriented approach: identification of a set of
objects and specification of their interactions
UML diagrams are a design tool to illustrate the
interactions between
Classes
Classes and external entities

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 Requirements Analysis, Use Cases, and
Sequence Diagrams
First step in analysis is to study the problem of input and
output requirements carefully to make sure they are
understood and make sense
Use case: list of the user actions and system responses
for a particular sub-problem in the order that they are
likely to occur
Sequence diagram: shows all the objects involved in
this use case across the horizontal axis, time is shown
along the vertical axis

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 Pre- and Postconditions

Precondition: a statement of any assumptions or

constraints on the method data before the method
begins execution
Postcondition: a statement that describes the result of
executing a method

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 Using Abstraction to Manage Complexity

Abstraction is a model of a physical entity or activity

Abstraction helps programmers deal with complex issues
in a piecemeal fashion
Procedural abstraction: distinguish what is to be
achieved by a procedure from its implementation

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Using Abstraction to Manage Complexity
(contd)
Data abstraction: specify the data objects for a
problem and the operations to be performed on them
without concern for their representation in memory
Representation of a data object is irrelevant to other
classes that access to it only via its methods
Information hiding: concealing the details of a class
implementation from users of the class

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 An Example: Telephone Directory

Maintain a collection of telephone directory entries,

where each entry is referred to by a unique name.
Can read from a file, save to a file, lookup, add, remove,
and change phone number

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Dependencies Among Possible Actions

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Object Relations

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 Things you already know (about) ...

Java programs (you know and love)

Classes and objects (you can create and use)
Inheritance (you understand and can extend)
Abstract classes (you remember what they are)
Interfaces (your contractual obligations)

Interfaces are a key idea in CSC220

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 Interfaces

The interface specifies the names, parameters, and

return values of the ADT methods without specifying how
the methods perform their operations and without
specifying how the data is internally represented
Each class that implements an interface must provide
the definitions of all methods declared in the interface

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 Interfaces

You cannot instantiate an interface; that is, cant invoke

new INTERFACE_NAME
You can declare a variable that has an interface type
and use it to reference an actual object
A Java interface is a contract between the interface
designer and the programmer who codes a class that
implements the interface

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Public Methods of PhoneDirectory Interface

Method Action

public void loadData(String fileName) Loads the data from the data file whose name
is given by fileName

public String addOrChangeEntry(String name, Changes the number of the individual with the
String number) name to the number
public String lookupEntry(String name) Searches the directory for the name

public String removeEntry(String name) Removes the entry with the given name

public void saveData(String fileName) Saves the data in a load-able format in the
data file whose name is given by fileName

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 The PDUserInterface Interface

There is only one required public method,

processCommands, which takes input from the user and
executes the command
Two different implementations:
PDGUI: a GUI-based implementation
PDConsoleUI: a console-based implementation

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 PDGUI: Implementation as GUI
Uses JOptionPane dialog windows
String[] commands = {"Add/Change Entry", "Look Up Entry, "Remove Entry", "Save Directory", "Exit};

do {
choice = JOptionPane.showOptionDialog(
null, // No parent
Select a Command, // Prompt message
PhoneDirectory, // window title
JOptionPane.YES_NO_CANCEL_OPTION, // Option type
JOptionPane.QUESTIONE_MESSAGE, // Message type
null, // Accompanying icon
command, // Choice names (array)
command[commands.length 1]); // Default command
switch (choice) {
case 0: doAddChangeEntry(); break;
case 1: doLookupEntry(); break;
case 2: doRemoveEntry(); break;
case 3:
case 4: doSave(): break;
default: // Do nothing.
}
} while (choice != commands.length 1);

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 PDConsoleUI: Implementation Using a
Console
Uses System.out to display the menu of choices and
results.
It also uses a Scanner object (scIn) created out of
System.in to read data from the keyboard.

// Constructor
/** Default constructor. */
public PDConsoleUI() {
scIn = new Scanner(System.in);
}

choice = scIn.nextInt(); // Get next choice.
scIn.nextLine(); // Skip trailing newline.

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 ArrayBasedPD that Implements
PhoneDirectory Interface, Private Data Fields
Data Field Attribute

private static final int INITIAL_CAPACITY The initial capacity of the array (or the array
size). It has the final attribute so change is
not allowed.
private int capacity The current capacity (or the array size), so
the capacity changes
private int size The number of entries held in the directory

private DirectoryEntry[] theDirectory The directory realized as an array of

DirectoryEntry objects
private String fileName The name of the data file

private boolean modified A boolean variable that maintains whether

any change has been made to any entry
since the last time the data were saved or
loaded. Data is automatically saved at
closing if this variable is true.

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 The Private Methods of the
ArrayBasedPD Class

Private Method Action

private int find(String name) Searches the array for the name and
returns the position of the name; -1
indicates that the name was not found

private void add(String name, String Adds to the array a new entry with the given
number) name and number
private void reallocate() Creates a new array with twice the capacity
of the current one with the same entries

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 DirectoryEntry Class

Data Field Attribute

private String name The name of an individual

private String number The phone number of the individual

Constructor Action

public DirectoryEntry(String name, String Create an entry with the name and the
number) number

Method Action

public String getName() Retrieves the name of an individual

public String getNumber() Retrieves the number of an individual

public void setNumber(String number) Sets the number of an individual to the give
number

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 Implementing and Testing the Array-Based
Phone Directory
The main loop of ReadData has two notable points
The while and if statements combine an assignment with a
conditional statement
The break statement allows exiting of the while loop without
storing an entry

// Read each name and number and add the entry to the array.
BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(new File (this.filename)))

while ((name = in.readLine()) != null) { // Read name and number from successive lines.
if ((number = in.readLine()) != null) { break; } // No number read, exit loop.
// Add an entry for this name and number.
this.add(name, number);
}

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 Code Reuse

A part of program can be reused for other programs

If there is a code for maintaining a phone book (adding,

removing, editing, loading, and storing), some of the
ideas and concepts used for the code can be used for
writing a code for maintaining business cards.

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 Maximizing Code Reuse

View the program to be developed as a process of

dealing with data
The data has to be maintained during execution of the
program
The data may be read from and/or stored into files
The data may be generated from input
Various operations on the data may be performed

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 Abstract Data Types

Abstract data type (ADT) = the combination of data

together with its methods (how the data objects are
accessed)
ADTs specify a set of required methods, but do not
specify how those methods should be implemented
(thats why they are called abstract)
Data structures quite often refer to ADTs
For frequently used ADTs the most efficient universal
(applicable to the vast majority of programming
languages) implementations are known

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