Geography

ATLAS

Diagram

Conceptual clarity
 Study material
ATLAS Book list

Orient Longman Goh Cheng Leong

Study publication India Physical Geography by
and world Savinder singh
Oxford publication India: comprehensive
geography by D.R. Khullar

All PowerPoint Slides available

at Mrunal.org/Download
 Physical Indian World

Geomorphology Physical Asia

Climatology Human/ Europe

Economic
Oceanography Americas

Schemes of the Geography Lectures Africa

 Meaning and span of Geography
Geo= earth and Graphy = study, which
means study of earth

Geography can be divided into two parts:

Physical geography and Human geography
 Two Parts of Geography

Physical Human
Landforms Habitation
Atmosphere Population
Hydrosphere Agriculture
Biosphere Industries- resources
Fundamentals of Geography

1. Latitudes
2. Longitudes
3. Seasons on Earth
4. Time-zones
latitudes
Latitudes
=angular distance
of a place from
the equator
All latitudes are
concentric circles
They are called
parallels as well
Latitudes
Largest latitude
equator
Tropics heat surplus
Temperate, polar
regions heat deficit
Responsible for
pressure system and
planetary wind
system
Spherical Earth
1.Tropical Zones
2.Temperate Zones
 UPSC Prelims 2001
Q. Who among the following was first to state
that Earth was spherical?
A. Aristotle Correct Answer is A

B. Copernicus
C. Ptolemy
D. Strabo
1. Skip 2. Attempt 3. Mark n Review
Reason for seasons: Tilted Earth
Summer and Winter Solstice
 Question
Q. Variations in length of daytime
and night-time from season to
season are due to UPSC
a) Earths rotation on its axis
b) Earths revolution around the sun
in an elliptical manner
c) Latitudinal position of the place Prelims
d) Revolution of earth on a tilted 2013
axis
 Question
Variations in length of daytime and
night-time from season to season are
due to UPSC
a) Earths rotation on its axis
b) Earths revolution around the sun
in an elliptical manner
c) Latitudinal position of the place Prelims
d) Revolution of earth on a tilted 2013
axis
Daylight Saving in Temperate regions
Longitudes
Angular distance of a
place from prime
meridian
Also called meridians
0 degree = Greenwich
in UK
180 degree =
International date line
International Date Line
 Earth rotates
360 s in 24
hours
360/24 = 15
15 longitude
= 1 hour
31 Dec
st 30 Dec
th

Morning Morning
Russia Alaska
 International Date Line

Moving Moving
West East
1 DAY 1 DAY
Lost Gain
 Standard time
1) Every country selects its standard meridian.
2) Angular distance between standard
meridian of a nation to Greenwich meridian
time (GMT)
Indian Standard Time
IST 82.5 E Meridian
IST - 5.5 hours ahead of
GMT, so GMT+5.5
 IST
British launched Chaibagaan time
(1 hr ahead of IST) 150 years ago in Chaibagaan
Assam time zone
After independence rejected
2007 DST study rejected admin
challenges
Jan 2014 CM of Assam declare
to apply Chaibagaan time
Russian Time Zones
 Question
If 12 noon at GMT what is the time at
75 E? Time
Difference = 75 zones
15 => 1 hour
75 => 5 hours
East (means add) 12 +5 = 5 pm
 Question
If 12 noon at GMT what is the time at
30 W? Time
Difference = 30 zones
15 => 1 hour
30 => 2 hours
East (means minus) 12 - 2 = 10
am
 Exercise
Q. If it is 10.00 am IST, then what
would be the local time at Shillong
on 92 deg E Longitude? UPSC
a) 9.38 am
b) 10.38 am
c) 10.22 am Prelims
d) 9.22 am 1999

Ans. B)
 Exercise
Q. Through which one of the
following groups of countries does
equator pass? UPSC
a) Brazil, Zambia and Malaysia
b) Columbia, Kenya and Indonesia
c) Brazil, Sudan and Malaysia Prelims
d) Venezuela, Ethiopia and 2006
Indonesia
 Exercise
Q. Which of the following cities is
nearest to the equator ?
UPSC
a) Colombo
b) Jakarta
c) Manila
Prelims
d) Singapore
2008
 Exercise
Q. Which one of the following straits
is nearest to the International Date
Line? UPSC
a) Malacca Strait
b) Bering strait
c) Strait of Florida Prelims
d) Strait of Gibraltar 2008
Malacca strait
Strait of Florida
Strait of Gibraltar
 Exercise
Q. Consider the following countries:
1. Australia UPSC
2. Namibia
3. Brazil
4. Chile
Prelims
Through which of the above does the
Tropic of Capricorn pass? 2009
 Exercise
a) 1 only
b) 2,3 and 4 UPSC
c) 1,2 and 3
d) 1,2,3,4
Prelims
2009
1. Longitude
2. Latitude
3. Reason for Seasons
on Earth
4. Time zones
 Self Study
NCERT Class6: Chapter 2-
Longitudes, Latitudes and time-
NCERT
zones
Map: Greenwich line passes
through which famous cities and
countries of the world?
Map: IST line passes through
which famous cities and states
of India?
Geomorphology
 Geomorphology
Origin of the Earth
Nebula Theory Overview
Theory of Laplace
Origin of earth Nebular theory of Laplace
Gaseous cloud of
H, He radiation
cooling-
Contracting
Separation of
outer ring 9
parts => 9
planets
Nebular Theory of Laplace
Heavier elements
near the core and
lighter at the
surface
Layered structure
of earths interior
 Geomorphology
1. Density study:
2. Temperature study Interior of the
3. Structural study Earth
- Direct evidences
- Indirect evidences
Edward Suess
Outer layer
(continents) SIAL
Mantle and oceanic
crust SIMA
Core Ni +Fe
 Seismic wave studies
Seismic waves = mechanical waves = require
medium for propagation
Their behaviour changes with changes of
medium
2 imp waves: primary P and secondary S waves
S waves can travel into only S and G medium
P can travel in all 3 mediums
But speed is highest in S>L>G
S-wave Propagation
P-waves propagation
Observations
Asthenosphere semi-
molten
Beyond
Asthenosphere-
mantle rocks are
dense
Outer core liquid
The inner core is solid
 Self Study
Class11 Chapter3: Interior of
Earth
NCERT
 Composition of the interior of the earth
Earth as a whole Earths crust
Iron (Fe) - highest Oxygen (O2) - highest
Oxygen (O2) Silicon (Si)
Silicon (Si) Aluminum (Al)
Magnesium (Mg) Iron (Fe)
Sulphur (S) Calcium (Ca)
Nickel (Ni) Magnesium (Mg)
Calcium (Ca) Sodium (Na)
Aluminum (Al) - lowest Potassium (K) - lowest
 Geomorpho
Igneous rocks
Metamorphous rocks Rocks in the
Sedimentary rocks crust
Rock cycle
 Rock Types
formed due to solidification of
magma (I) or lava (E) Igneous
They dont have strata or layers Rocks
Because entire lava is solidified
They are crystalline
They dont have fossils
 Rock Types
formed due to lithification of soil
erosion of rocks => deposition of Sedimentary
granules => compaction => rocks
lithification
Always stratified
They may have fossils
 Metamorphosed rocks
both igneous and sedimentary rocks
changed under heat or pressure or both
No fossil
No stratification
 Examples of metamorphosed rocks

Granite gneiss
Limestone Marble
Sandstone quartzite
Clay/mudstone slate/ schist
 Question
Consider the following statements
made about sedimentary rocks:
1. Sedimentary rocks are formed at UPSC
earths surface by hydrological
system
2. Formation of sedimentary rocks Prelims
involves the weathering of pre-
existing rocks 2001
3. Sedimentary rocks contains fossils
4. Sedimentary rocks occur in layers
 Question
Q. Quartzite is metamorphosed from:
a) Limestone UPSC
b) Obsidian
c) Sandstone
d) shale Prelims
2001
Interior of the earth
Different layers structure and
composition
Rocks
Properties of rocks
 Geological time scale of Earth
years Eon Era Importance

4.6 -3.5 Pre- Proterozoic No Life

billion Cambrian
3.5 -2.5 Archean 1st life form
billion
2.5 to 545 Hadean 1st fish
million eveloved
 Geological time scale of the Earth
Years Eon Era Period Epoch Importance

545 ml Phanerozoic Paleozoic Carbonifero Coal

245 ml us
245 ml-65 Mesozoic Triassic, Reptiles =>
ml Jurassic, Dinosaurs
Cretaceous => extinct

65 ml Cenozoic tertiary Oiligocene, Birds and

present Pliocene mammals

65000 years quaternary Holocene Human

Rodinia in Pre-Cambrian
Rodinia break up - Palaeozoic
Mesozoic merger - Pangaea
200 ml years ago break up of Pangaea
165 ml break up of Gondwana
Movement of India
 3 Theories

Continental Sea-floor Plate tectonic

drift spreading theory
Alfred Wegener
1st to propound
movement of
continents
His Continental Drift
Theory
His 4 main
observations
1st Observation
Matching
Coastlines
zig-saw fit
2nd Observation
Similarity of Age
of the rocks
3th Observation
Fossil evidences
4th observation
Palaeo-climatic
evidences
Glacial
evidenced in
Tropical lands
 Continental Drift Theory
Super continent - Pangaea
Ocean Panthalasa
Continent SIAL rocks
Ocean SIMA rocks
Mid- Mesozoic Pangaea broke up and
drifted apart
 Limitation of Continental Drift theory
Driving force?
Gravitational pull of sun and moon
Idea of SIAL and SIMA
Limitation of Continental Drift theory
 Question
What do you understand by theory of
continental drift? Discuss the
prominent evidences in its support. UPSC
(5)

Mains
2013
 Question
Q. Which of the following phenomena
might have influenced the evolution
of organisms? UPSC
1. Continental drift
2. Glacial cycles
Prelims
Ans. Both
2014
Arthur Holmes
Arthur Holmes:
Convection current
theory
Convection cells
force behind drifting of
continents
 3 Theories

Continental Sea-floor Plate tectonic

drift spreading theory
Sea-floor mapping
During 1940s and
1950s
Diversity of ocean-
floor
Submarine hills
guoyts MOR
Trench
Ocean floor mapping
Questions:
1) Ocean crust not
older than mid-
Mesozoic
2) Age increase
away from MOR
3) Sea-mounts
deformed at
trenches
 Sea floor spreading Theory
1960s Harry Hass and Dietz answered
question regarding ocean mapping using
convection theory
revealed mystery of mid-oceanic ridge and
trenches
Mid- Oceanic Ridge
Mid Oceanic ridge
 MOR
Rising limb of current breaks the Ocean
crust
Basaltic eruption
Accumulation of lava ridge => MOR
New Oceanic crust
Divergent limb expansion of ocean crust
Trenches
 MOR - Trench
At trench Ocean floor
destroyed melted in
mantle
Oceanic crust heavier
than continental crust
Ocean floor act like
conveyor belt
Ocean floor cyclic
process 300 ml yrs
Mariana trench
 Question
Q. In which one of the following
oceans the Diamantina Trench is
located? UPSC
a) Pacific Ocean
b) Atlantic Ocean
Prelims
c) Indian Ocean 2006
d) Arctic Ocean

Ans. C)
Diamantine trench
Palaeo-magentism
Magnetism of rocks
along MOR
Magnetometer -
Magnetic parallel
stripes normal and
reverse magnetic
profile
1st Carlsberg ridge
Indian ocean
Palaeo-magentism
Vine and mattheus
Molten lava get polarity
geomagnetic field of
that period -Solidify
Ocean floor magnetic
tape
 Palaeo-magnetism
conclusion
1) Periodic reversal of magnetic field of the
earth
2) Rate of sea-floor spreading decided by age
+ distance between two equal magnetic
stripes
Atlantic 1.0 cm/ year
Indian 1.5 cm/year
Pacific 6.0 cm/year
 Question
Q. Between India and East Asia, the
navigation time and distance can be
greatly reduced by which of the UPSC
following?
a) Deepening Malacca strait
between Indonesia and Malaysia Prelims
b) Opening a new canal across Kra 2011
Isthmus between gulf of Siam and
Andaman sea
 3 Theories

Continental Sea-floor Plate tectonic

drift spreading theory