Advanced

Computer Systems

Advanced Computer Systems

(CIS 570)

Introduction
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Computer Systems

A new computing class roughly every decade

(Bells Law)
log (people per computer)

Number Crunching
Data Storage

Mainframe

Minicomputer productivity
Workstation
interactive
PC
streaming
Laptop
information
Tablets
to/from physical
world
year
Roughly every decade a new, lower priced computer class
forms based on a new programming platform, network, and
interface resulting in new usage and the establishment of a
new industry.
Adapted from
2
D. Culler
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Main Frames
Computer Systems
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Home Computer
Computer Systems
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Personal Computers (Then)

Computer Systems
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Mobile Devices (Now)

Computer Systems
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Computer Systems
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Data Centers (Whats Next)

Computer Systems
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Components of a Computer
Computer Systems

Computer Keyboard,
Processor
Mouse
Memory Devices
(CPU)
Disk
Control Input
(where (where
(brain) programs,
programs,
data data
Datapath live when live when
(flesh) Output not running)
running)
Display,
Printer
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An Enabler: Moores Law

Computer Systems

Gordon Moore
Intel Cofounder

http://www.computerhistory.org/semiconductor/teachers.html
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Computer Systems

Image source: Wikipedia

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Technology Trends:
Computer Systems

Uniprocessor Performance (SPECint)

VAX-11/780)

10000

1.20x/year
20%/year
1000
(vs. VAX-11/780)

1.52x/year
52%/year
(vs.

100
Performance
Performance

10
1.25x/year
25%/year

1
1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

VAX : 1.25x/year 1978 to 1986

RISC + x86: 1.52x/year 1986 to 2002
RISC + x86: 1.20x/year 2002 to present
 Technology Trends: Advanced
Computer Systems

Memory Capacity (Single-Chip DRAM)

Now 1.4X/yr, or 2X every 2 years.

8000X since 1980!
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Computer Systems

Computer Technology - Dramatic Change!

Memory
DRAM capacity: 2x / 2 years (since 96);
64x size improvement in last decade.
Processor
Speed 2x / 1.5 years (since 85);
100X performance in last decade.
Disk
Capacity: 2x / 1 year (since 97)
250X size in last decade.
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Computer Systems

Computer Technology - Dramatic Change!

Shift to Multi-core (double number of cores):

Processor clock speed: 3000 MegaHertz
(3.0 GigaHertz)
Memory capacity: 64000 MegaBytes
(64.0 GigaBytes)
Disk capacity: 4000 GigaBytes
(4.0 TeraBytes)

New units! Mega Giga, Giga Tera

Order-of-magnitude difference!
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Computer Systems
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Syllabus
Computer Systems

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Topic schedule
Computer Systems

Computer design fundamentals

Basic ISA review
Architectural simulation
Uniprocessor systems
Advanced pipeliningexploiting ILP & TLP
Memory hierarchy design
Storage & I/O
Multiprocessor systems
Memory in multiprocessors
Synchronization
Interconnection networks

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From ILP to TLP & DLP

Computer Systems

(Almost) All microprocessor companies moving to

multiprocessor systems
Single processors gain performance by exploiting
instruction level parallelism (ILP)
Multiprocessors exploit either:
Thread level parallelism (TLP), or
Data level parallelism (DLP)

Whats the problem?

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From ILP to TLP & DLP (cont.)

Computer Systems

Weve got tons of infrastructure for single-

processor systems
Algorithms, languages, compilers, operating
systems, architectures, etc.
These dont exactly scale well
Multiprocessor design: not as simple as
creating a chip with 1000 CPUs
Task scheduling/division
Communication
Memory issues
Even programming moving from 1 to 2 CPUs is
extremely difficult
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CIS 570 Approach

Computer Systems

How are we going to address this change?

Start through single-processor systems
Study ILP and ways to exploit that
Delve into memory hierarchies for single processors
Talk about storage and I/O systems
We may touch on embedded systems at this point
Then, well look at multiprocessor systems
Discuss TLP and DLP
Talk about how multiprocessors affect memory design
Cover interconnection networks

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Design principles
Computer Systems

1. Take advantage of parallelism

2. Principle of locality
3. Focus on the common case
4. Amdahls Law
5. Generalized processor performance

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Goals and requirements

Computer Systems

What goals might we want to meet?

Performance
Power
Price
Dependability
Well talk about how to quantify these as needed
throughout the semester
Primarily focus on performance (both uniprocessor &
multiprocessor systems) and dependability (mostly
storage systems)

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Next time
Computer Systems

Fill the BioSheet (especially prerequisites section)

Review of:
Appendix A: Instruction set principles

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