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 Faulty D
Influence of Fibre Related Properties on Dyeing behaviour

ë Un-drawn or partially oriented yarns - Easy to dye. ± Low Molecular

orientation ±Rapid dyeing.

ë Drawn material ± higher Molecular orientation ± dye slowly.

ë Synthetic fibres are produced at various draw ratio (low ± staple fibres
to high values ± draw bulked yarn)

ë Material having relatively small differences in their rates of dyeing ±

but very considerable differences in colour,
_he differences arise in the strike stage of the dyeing process,

Why uneven dyeing occurs?

1. Improper leveling of dyes - Effectiveness of the redistribution of dye

during the subsequent leveling stage.

If the leveling action is poor, as in carrier dyeing at 98°C or when dyes

of poor migration properties have been used,

_he effects of small variations in spinning and drawing conditions may

be expected to show as variations in colour in dyed materials.

2
2



_he problem is more difficult, but of less practical significance,

]. _he Effects of Heat and _ension

ë Yarns and fibres are subjected ± heat or of mechanical stress or both

ë _he effects of variation in temperature or in tension during heat

treatment are more severe

ë And can produce relatively large colour differences if the differently

treated fibres are dyed in the same bath.

ë Reduction in rate of dyeing betn. 130°C and 150°C, followed by

leveling off.

ë Uniform tension over the yarn during H.S, leads to perform better
leveling off
3. _he Effects of fibre lubricants and spotting agents

ë Fibre Lubricants -- Source of variation ± can affect quality of the dye bat

ë After long storage , they can also produce significant local alterations in
the rates of migration of dyes in the fibre

ë Spotting agents sometimes applied to loom stains by weavers,

and produce localised dark spots that show up after dyeing.

ë For this reason, the use of such spotting agents outside the dye works
is to be discouraged.
 V. _he Effects of Fibre Structure

ë Drawing the fibre - Growth of highly ordered regions ± oriented along

the axis of fibre

ë Heat treatment induces further growth in these highly ordered regions

at the expense of less ordered regions.

ë Number, size, spacing and distribution of these highly ordered regions

_hat these influence, the number and arrangement of chain folds in the
polymer.

5. Carriers

ë Fibre becomes more open structure or less ordered regions around the
structural dislocations    just large enough to admit the
molecules of disperse dyes under the influence of thermal agitation.

ë _hermal agitation ± leads to increases in the rate of diffusion of dyes at

_g,

ë Suitable carriers are used to locate uniform striking of dyes

X.Barre Effects: Differences in the rate effect.

Differ in the fractions of their internal volumes that are available for the
sorption of dyes

Differences in the dye uptake during initial dye transfer,

1. Rate of diffusion
]. Differences in the accessibility of this available region.
Accessibility ± a property of the less ordered regions of fibre structure.
Availability ± associated with an internal area.

How to Reduce barre effect ?

1.High temperature leveling treatment, possibly in the presence of a small

amount of a suitable carrier

].May increased by the presence of carrier during the early stages of dyeing.

3.Drawing ± hot stretching produce decreases in both availability and

accessibility as the general orderliness of the fibre structure increases.
. Ring Dyed Material in Synthetic yarn

ë Most of the dye present on the fibre surface layer less than one third
of the radius of the fibre in depth.

ë Causes: dyeing time, bath temperature or the level of carrier addition

to the bath is inadequate

ë Even high temperature dyeing can be ring dyed if insufficient time has
been allowed for the full penetration of slowly migrating dyes.
8. _he Effect of Dyeing Conditions on Fibre Properties

Dyeing processes can affect the physical properteis of polyester fibres

by causing shrinkage / Polymer degradation.

Fibre shrinkage ± Reduction of Breaking load / Increase in Breaking elongation

Excessive carriers ± cause excessive shrinkage (8%)even in set fibre.

Prolonged exposure of fibre to high temp.-degradation of polymer

9. Oligomers

Normally all synthetic fibre consists 1.5 to 3.5% - More the percentage will
have more variation of dye uptake.

Eg. In particular unit weight/length, more reactive sites will present as

higher the % of oligomer (low mole. weight Compound)
 Printing Defects
Methods of Printing,

1. Block

]. Stencil

3. Screen

V. Flat Press

5. Roller

ë Printing Industry agrees, ] ± 10 % of total production are going as seconds

ë In Rotary screen - misfits, stick-ins, and scrimps

ë Screen stoppage due to chemical incompatibility, wicking, loss of color,

color contamination, smears / streaks, and edge rounding due to screen
buildup
stick-ins are a result of poor singeing or lint removal prior to printing.

Scrimp defects are a result of cloth wrinkles or creasing they receive

due to bleaching in rope form. As the cloth passes under the screen,
it often regains these wrinkles and leaves a large unprinted area
‡ All of the defects described above are inherent problems associated with the
use of rotary screens.

‡ Digital printing of textiles is very new and with the exception of sampling, is
not widely used. Therefore, the defects are not easy to classify

1. Banding - defect created by the print head¶s movement over the substrate.

‡ Use of scanning print head, or to put it simply, a print head that moves
back and forth across the substrate in straight line placing drops of ink at
precise locations along the line.

‡ If the head is not properly aligned, or if the substrate advances unevenly, the
result is a slight horizontal ³band´ or line of unprinted area.
Banding can be reduced or prevented with nozzle redundancy and
Multiple passes by the scanning print head.

In addition, banding is naturally reduced by most fabric substrates.

_he three-dimensional textile fibers in woven and knit fabrics
help to mask the effects of digital print banding.
]. Misfire,
Inkjet nozzle fails to send a drop of ink onto the
fabric

3. Fabric handling,
Because most digital printers use a scanning head
to print across the width of the fabric, the fabric
must remain perfectly still or the image can be
distorted. One of the biggest fabric handling
related defects occurs when the fabric buckles or
gets wrinkled, causing the scanning inkjet head to
come in contact with the fabric. The result is a
nasty ink smear and possibly a damaged print
head.

4.Poor ink standardization

ë Digital printing does eliminate many of
the defects associated with textile printing.

ë However, it is very important to realize

that digital printing brings with it a different
set of defects.
(
 

   


 

   


       
 
 

   

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_he End of the Part I