Mrs. S.

Vaidehi
Assistant Professor
D.G.Vaishnav College
50% of world population infected with eukaryotic pathogens
Two microbial kingdoms:
1. Fungi
2. Protista
Subkingdoms
A. Protozoa (animal-like) B. Algae (plant-like)
Kingdom Fungi
mycology = study of fungi
common characteristics of fungi:
1. all are chemoheterotrophs

2. most are saprophytes

3. most are aerobic or facultatively anaerobic

4. few are human pathogens

5. cell walls are composed of chitin

INTRODUCTION
fungus [pl., fungi; Latin fungus),
Kingdom Fungi
mycology = study of fungi
common characteristics of fungi:
1. all are chemoheterotrophs
2. most are saprophytes
3. most are aerobic or facultatively anaerobic
4. few are human pathogens
5. cell walls are composed of chitin

eucaryotic, spore-bearing organisms with

absorptive nutrition,
no chlorophyll,
reproduce sexually and asexually.
DISTRIBUTION

terrestrial organisms, although a few are

freshwater or marine.
pathogenic and infect plants and animals

beneficial relationships with other organisms.

(mycorrhizae) between their roots and

fungi.
IMPORTANCE
Decomposers
Yeasts- fermentation
bread, wine, and beer. some cheeses, soy sauce
commercial production of many organic acids
(citric, gallic)
drugs (ergometrine, cortisone); and in the
manufacture of many antibiotics (penicillin,
griseofulvin) and the immunosuppressive
drug cyclosporine.
STRUCTURE
The body or vegetative structure of a fungus is
called a thallus
The fungal cell usually is encased in a cell wall
of--------.
YEAST

A yeast is a unicellular fungus -single

nucleus reproduces either asexually by
budding and transverse division or sexually
through spore formation
larger than bacteria, spherical to egg shaped, no
flagella
eucaryotic organelles are present
YEASTS
-nonlamentous, unicellular, ovaloid
-all are facultative anaerobes -in absence of oxygen will ferment
carbohydrates into alcohol & carbon dioxide
A. Budding Yeasts -divide by producing
outgrowth called a bud -bud will enlarge and separate from
mother
cell following mitosis
-if bud fails to separate = pseudohyphae
B. Fission Yeasts -divide by mother cell elongating and
undergoing mitosis -daughter cells separated by
formation of a septa in the center (ssion)
3. Dimorphic Fungi -can grow in multicellular mold-like
hyphal form or unicellular yeast-like ovaloid form
depending on conditions
e.g. Candida albicans 25C, acid pH = yeast 37C,
neutral pH = hyphae
MOLD

A mold consists of long, branched,

threadlike filaments of cells called hyphae that
form a mycelium [pl., mycelia], a tangled
mass or tissuelike aggregation
GENERAL GROUPS- SHAPE

1. Molds and Fleshy Fungi -consist of long

laments of cells joined end to end = hyphae
Hyphae types

1. Septate Hyphae -joined cells have distinct

separations called septa
2. Coenocytic Hyphae

-hyphae consist of fused cells

 -hyphae grow by extension at the tip
-a mass of hyphae is called a mycelium

-a mold mycelium will produce two different

versions of its hyphae:

1. vegetative hyphae

-grow at along surfaces -used to obtain nutrients

2. aerial hyphae -stick up off the mycelium

-used to produce spores for reproduction

STRUCTURE OF HYPHAE
Hyphae are composed of an outer cell wall and an
inner lumen,cytosol and organelles

TYPES
hyphae, uninterrupted by cross walls. These
hyphae are
called coenocytic

Hyphae cross walls called septa

with either a single pore or multiple pores

REPRODUCTION
asexual or sexual.
Asexual reproduction
1. A parent cell can divide into two daughter cells by
central
constriction and formation of a new cell wall.
2. budding yeasts.
3. spore production.
a. A hypha can fragment arthroconidia or
arthrospores
b. cells are surrounded by a thick wall before

separation, chlamydospores
 Ifthe spores develop within a sac
[sporangium;
sporangia] at a hyphal tip,
sporangiospores
d. If the spores are not enclosed in a
sac but produced at the tips or sides of
the hypha, conidiospores
e. Spores produced from a vegetative
mother cell by Budding blastospores.
 sexual reproduction
yields spores. For example, in the zygomycetes
the zygote develops into a zygospore in the
ascomycetes,
an ascospore and in the basidomycetes; a
basidiospore
LIFE CYCLE OF FUNGI
-fungi can reproduce asexually by:
1. fragmentation of hyphae (mold),
2. budding (budding yeast) or ssion
(ssion yeast)
2. asexual spores
-fungi can reproduce sexually by the formation of spores
spores are formed on the ends of aerial hyphae (not
endospores: reproductive, outside cell)
-asexual spores: -form on the hyphae of one organism
-germinate to form exact clones of the parent
-sexual spores: -form after the fusion of two haploid
nuclei from opposite mating type cells of the same species
-when spore geminates it has characteristics of both parents
-sexual reproduction is NOT common in fungi
Asexual Spores -produced by mitosis and cell
division
-contain DNA that is exact copy of parent
1. Sporangiospore
-spores form in sac called sporangium -
sporangium forms at end of aerial hyphae
called a sporangiophore -hundreds of
sporangiospores in a single
sporangium
 2. Conidiospore -spores produced at the end of an
aerial hyphae called a conidiophore -most
common type:
Conidia: chains of conidiospores on conidiophore
 Sexual Spores -formed by fusion of two haploid
nuclei into single diploid zygote -zygote then
undergoes meiosis to generate haploid spores
(usually multiples of four)
1. Zygospores

-one thick spore between two parent hyphae

2. Ascospores -four spores in a sac called

an ascus, at the end of one hyphae

3. Basidiospores
-four spores on the end of basidium