FORM 4

CHAPTER 2 :
THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM

1
 THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM

Matter

Element Compound

Atom Molecule Ion

The smallest
neutral particle A group of two
A positively-
of an element or more atoms
charged or
that can take that are
negatively-
part in a chemically
charged particle
chemical bonded together
reaction

Hydrogen gas Ammonia gas

Neon gas Sodium chloride
 Historical Development of
Atomic Models

John Daltons

Positively charged
J. J. Thomsons sphere

Negatively charged
electron

Ernest Rutherfords Nucleus that

contains protons

Electron moves around

the nucleus
Electron
Nucleus
Niels Bohrs that contains
protons
Electron
shell
Electron
James Chadwicks Nucleus
Electron
that contains
protons and shell
neutrons
 Representation of Element

Nucleon number
23
Proton number 11 Na Symbol of Element

Nucleon number = number of neutrons + number of protons

Proton number = number of protons

Structure of An Atom of Element

Number of valence electron
e- e- e- (electron in the outermost
e- shell) = 1
Nucleus
e- 11p e- Electron Arrangement :
e- 12n e- 2.8.1
e-
e- e-
An Atom of Sodium

Number of protons = proton number

Number of neutrons = nucleon number proton number
As an atom is neutral,
number of electrons = number of protons
 Isotopes are atoms of the same element.
having the same number of protons
but different number of neutrons.

meaning

Isotopes

Uses of
radioisotopes
Medicine (Cobalt-60) - To treat cancer patients
Agriculture (gamma rays) - To cause mutation in pests
Industry (gamma rays, Sodium-24) - To control thickness of
products, to detect leakages of underground pipes
Food irradiation (gamma radiation of Cobalt-60) - To inhibit
budding in potatoes
Archeology (Carbon-14) - To estimate age of bones, wood and
fossils
 KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER
Arrangement and movement of particles in
solid,liquid and gases.

Particlesare loosely
Particles are very packed and not in
Particles are very
closely packed in orderly manner
Vibrate, rotate and
loosely packed ,rotate
orderly manner and move randomly
glide on one another
Vibrate and rotate Weak attraction
Intermediate
about their fixed attraction forces forces between the
position between the particles particles
Strong attraction Higher energy Highest energy
forces between the contents content
particles
Low energy content 6
 DIFFUSION
Matter are made up of tiny and discrete particles that are
constantly moving

Particles move from higher

concentration region to lower
concentration region

The rate of diffusion The rate of diffusion 7

The rate of diffusion
are lowest in solids are lower in liquids are highest in gases
INTER-CONVERSION OF
STATES OF MATTER

Heat absorbed
Heat released
HEATING COOLING
CURVE CURVE
A
F

D
E B C
B E
C D
A F

BC- mixture of solid and liquid BC mixture of gas and liquid

DE mixture of liquid and gas DE mixture of liquid and solid

BC,DE the temperature remain BC,DE the temperature remain

constant because the heat energy
supplied is absorbed is used to
overcome the attraction between
the particles
constant because heat released
during freezing (bond formation) is
9
the same as heat loss to surrounding