EAT 231: THERMODYNAMICS

MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS

OF CONTROL VOLUMES

BY: DR. SARA YASINA YUSUF

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or

display.
4. SOME STEADY-FLOW ENGINEERING
DEVICES

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 Nozzles and Diffusers
Nozzles
Device that increases the velocity
of a fluid. This usually happens by a
reduction in the pressure.
the cross-sectional area decreases
in the direction of subsonic flow
and increases in supersonic flow
Diffusers
Device that increases the pressure
of a fluid. This usually happens by a
reduction in the velocity
the walls of the subsonic flow
passage diverge, converge for
supersonic flow
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Nozzles and Diffusers

These variable area nozzles on an

F-14 fighter accelerate the hot
gases exiting the engine to
provide propulsive thrust.

The engine intake on this

commercial airliner is
configured as a diffuser to
slow the incoming air and
provide a uniform flow into
the compressor.

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 Nozzles and Diffusers
Usually single stream devices
No appreciable change in pe.
Very little heat transfer occurs.
No shaft work is done.
Kinetic energies changes should be considered since often get
large changes in velocity.
At steady state the mass and energy rate balances reduce,
respectively, to

where 1 denotes the inlet and 2 the exit

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 Example 4.1a
Deceleration of air in a diffuser

Find:
Determine mass flow rate and T2of air.

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Assumptions:
1. Steady-flow process, thus: mcv = 0 and Ecv = 0
2. Air is an ideal gas high T and low P relatives to its Tcp
3. Potential energy is zero, heat transfer and ke at the
diffuser exit are negligible
4. No work interaction
Solution:
a) First estimate m using ideal gas law.
(1: specific volume)

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 Example 4.1b
Acceleration of steam in a nozzle

Find:
a) The inlet velocity
b) The exit temperature of the steam
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Assumption:
1. Steady-flow process, thus: mcv = 0 and Ecv = 0
2. Potential energy is zero
3. No work interaction

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 Turbines and Compressors
Turbines
device in which work is developed as a
result of a gas passing through a set of
blades attached to a shaft free to
rotate
Turbines produce work (w>0, h2<h1),
Compressors
devices in which work is done on a gas
passing through them in order to raise
the pressure
compressors need work (w<0, h2>h1)
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 Turbines and Compressors
Turbines produce power output.
Compressors and pumps add energy to fluid and require work
input
Q is usually small.
pe is very, very small.
Compressors do change fluid kinetic energies, but only
by small amount.
Turbines (gas) and Fans can lead to large kinetic
energy changes. In gas turbines ke usually small
with respect to h.

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 Example 4.2a
Compressing air by a compressor

Find:
The necessary power input to the compressor.

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Assumption:
1. Steady-flow process, thus: mcv = 0 and Ecv = 0
2. Air is an ideal gas high T and low P relatives to its Tcp
3. Kinetic and potential energy changes are zero
ke 0 pe 0

Solution: since it has only one inlet and one exit,

m 1 m 2 m

the energy balance becomes;

E in E out dE system dt 0

rate of energy tra nsfer rate of change in internal, kinetic,
by heat, work & mass potential, etc energies

E in E out
W in m h1 Q out m h2 Answer:
W in 2.74 kW
W in m q out m h2 h1 15
 Example 4.2b
Power generation by a steam turbine

Find:
a) Compare the magnitudes of h, ke
and pe.
b) the work done per unit mass of the
steam flowing through the turbine
c) Calculate the mass flow rate of the
steam

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Assumption:
1. Steady-flow process, thus: mcv = 0 and Ecv = 0
2. The system is adiabatic no heat transfer

Solution: since it has only one inlet and one exit,

a) At the inlet, steam is superheated vapor state
P1 2 MPa
h1 3248 .4 kJ/kg
T1 400 C
At exit;

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 Solution:
E in E out
b) The energy form:
rate of energy tra nsfer
by heat, work & mass
dE system dt 0
rate of change in internal, kinetic,
potential, etc energies

E in E out
V 2 V 2
m h1 1
gz1 Wout m h2
2
gz 2 Answer:
2 2

wout 872.48kJ/kg
wout h ke pe
V22 V12
h2 h1 g z 2 z1
2

c) The required mass f/rate

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 Throttling valves
Any kind of flow-restricting devices that cause a significance
pressure drop in the fluid accompanied by a large drop in
temperature without involving any work
Throttles are usually small. There are no large heat conducting
surfaces and fluid will get through them quickly. So
throttling process is adiabatic q 0 (exception, capillary
tubes). No work done w 0
pe is usually zero pe 0 ;
ke keis small
0 , exit velocity
can be larger than entrance velocity.
Thus h2 h1

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 Example 4.3
Expansion of R-134a in a refrigerator

Find:
a) What is quality of liquid?
b) What is T drop?

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Assumption:
1. Heat transfer from the tube is negligible
2. Kinetic energy change of the refrigerant is negligible

Solution:
At the inlet;

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Mixing chambers
In engineering applications, the
section where the mixing process
takes place is commonly referred to
as a mixing chamber.
It is usually well insulated q 0
Do not involve any kind of work w 0
Energy balance for the adiabatic
mixing chamber in the figure is:

E in E out
m 1h1 m 2 h2 m 3 h3

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 Example 4.4
Mixing of hot and cold waters in a shower

Hot water

Cold water

Steady steam
of warm water

Find:
The ratio of the mass flow rates of the hot to cold
water
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Assumption:
1. Steady-flow process, thus: mcv = 0 and Ecv = 0
2. The kinetic and potential energies are negligible ke pe 0
3. Heat loses from the system are negligible Q 0
4. No work interaction
Solution:
Mass balance: min mout dm system dt 0

m in m out m 1 m 2 m 3

the energy balance: E in E out dE system dt 0

rate of energy tra nsfer rate of change in internal, kinetic,
by heat, work & mass potential, etc energies

combining
E in E out the mass and
energy balances
m 1h1 m 2 h2 m 3 h3 m 1h1 m 2 h2 m 1 m 2 h3

Answer:
becomes: yh1 h2 y 1 h3 y 2.33
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 Heat exchangers
Devices where two moving fluid streams exchange heat
without mixing.
A heat exchanger can be as simple as two concentric pipes.
The heat transfer associated with a heat exchanger may be
zero or nonzero depending on how the control volume is
selected

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 Heat exchangers
Mass and energy balances for the adiabatic heat exchanger
in the figure:

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Heat exchangers

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 Example 4.5
Cooling of R-134a by water
R-134a is cooled by water in a condenser.
Refrigerant enters the condenser with
mass f/rate of 6 kg/min at 1 Mpa and
70oC and leaves at 35oC
Find:
a) The mass f/rate of the cooling water
required
b) The heat transfer rate from the
refrigerant to water

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Assumption:
1. Steady-flow process, thus: mcv = 0 and Ecv = 0
2. The kinetic and potential energies are negligible ke pe 0
3. Heat loses from the system are negligible Q 0
4. No work interaction
Solution: m in m out
Mass balance: m 1 m 2 m w
m 3 m 4 m g
the energy balance: E in E out dE system dt 0

rate of energy tra nsfer rate of change in internal, kinetic,
by heat, work & mass potential, etc energies

E in E out
m 1h1 m 3 h3 m 2 h2 m 4 h4 Answer:
m w h1 h2 m R h4 h3 m w 29.1 kg/min
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b) E in E out dE system dt 0

rate of energy tra nsfer rate of change in internal, kinetic,
by heat, work & mass potential, etc energies

E in E out
Q w,in m w h1 m w h2

Rearrange, and substituting;

Q w,in m w h2 h1 1218 kJ/min

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 Pipe and duct flow
Flow through a pipe or a duct usually satisfies the steady-
flow conditions (excluding the transient start-up and shut-
down periods).
Heat losses from a hot fluid flowing through an uninsulated
pipe or duct to the cooler environment may be very
significant.

Sometimes heat transfer is desirable; becomes

the sole purpose of the flow, i.e.; in the furnace
of a power plant, refrigerant flow in a freezer,
flow in heat exchanger
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Pipe and duct flow
Pipe or duct flow may involve more than
one form of work at the same time:
Velocities in pipes and ducts are
usually small, so ke = 0. -
especially true for constant
diameter pipes
Potential energy effects becomes
significant in long pipes with
considerable changes in elevation.
Energy balance for the pipe flow shown
in the figure is:

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 Example 4.6
Electric heating of air in a house

Air at 17oC flows into a duct containing

an electric heater.
Given:
15 kW electric heating system
air enters at 100 kPa, 17oC with volume f/rate = 150 m3/min
heat loss from air to surrounding at rate 200 W

Find:
the exit temperature of air 34
Assumption:
1. Steady-flow process, thus: mcv = 0 and Ecv = 0
2. Air is an ideal gas high T and low P relatives to its Tcp

3. Energy ke 0 pe 0

4. Constant specific heats at room temp.
Solution: E E dE dt 0
in out
system

rate of energy tra nsfer rate of change in internal, kinetic,
by heat, work & mass potential, etc energies

E in E out
W e,in m h1 Q out m h2
We ,in Q m c T T
out p 2 1 Answer:
T2 21.9 C
from the ideal gas relation,
RT1 V
v1 ; m 1
P1 v1
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