Isolation

Need for isolation

Safety of human beings & Protection of equipment
Isolation is often required to prevent operator contact with dangerous voltages.
If the only stuff on the low-voltage side is inaccessible electronics, then non-isolated
supplies are fine - they tend to much be cheaper/simpler than isolated supplies, and
lots of household equipment uses them.
If a human being or 3rd party piece of equipment needs to interconnect with the
low-voltage side of your design, then an isolated supply both gives you a clear barrier
across which dangerous voltages won't pass, even in the case of component
failure, and it means your circuit is now 'floating' relative to the mains. I
Power isolation transformers increase the safety of a device, so that a person
touching a live portion of the circuit will not have current flow through them to earth
Earthing of electrical systems is required for a number of reasons, principally to
ensure the safety of people near the system and to prevent damage to the system
itself in the event of a fault.
 The ground loop in a nutshell is what happens when two
separate devices (A and B) are connected to ground
separately, and then also connected to each other through
Ground loop some kind of communication cable with a ground, creating
a loop. This provides two separate paths to ground (B can
go through its own connection to ground or it can go
through the ground of the cable to A and then to As
ground), and means that current may start flowing in
unanticipated ways.
 Many uses of isolation(ground loop,safety, reduces interference,
surge protection, protection to sensitive equipment)
Only few requirements might be relevant for each application, that is
why in articles one or two uses get emphasised
Earthing is good for chassis protection but not terminals
Earthing is bad for terminals protection
Electrical engineers rely on earthing for chassis protection and
doesnt make the mistake of stupidly touching terminals eg: iron box
Electronic engineers are so used to touching terminals and chassis,
hence isolation is the only way to ensure protection.
Eg: mobile charger
Neither earthing nor isolation: table fan