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Diabetes Mellitus: Shahrul Rahman
Diabetes Mellitus: Shahrul Rahman
Shahrul Rahman
350 300
Prevalence (millions)
World Wide Diabetes
300
221
250
200 150
150
100
50
0
2000 2010 2025
Countries with the highest numbers of
estimated cases of diabetes for 2030
Egypt
Philippines
Japan
Bangladesh
Brazil
Pakistan
Indonesia
USA
China
India
0 20 40 60 80 100
TYPE 2 DIABETES
International Diabetes Federation. Diabetes Atlas, 2nd Edition, 2003
The Problem
Causes of Mortality in Diabetic
Patients
Myocardial infarction 34.7
Stroke 22
Tumors 10
Infections 6.7
Diabetic coma 3.1
Renal insufficiency 2.9
Gangrene 2.7
Accident / suicide 2.1
Tuberculosis 0.9
Others 11.4
Not specified 3.4 % deaths in diabetics
0 10 20 30 40
Tenaga
Glukosa dibakar
Pintu
tertutup
Tenaga
Type 2
diabetic
Non-diabetic
time
IV Glucose stimulus
KLASSIFIKASI DIABETES MELLITUS
1. DM tipe-1 (Autoimun dan Idiofatik)
2. DM tipe-2 - Gemuk : Resistensi Insulin > Disfungsi sel
Tak gemuk : Disfungsi sel > Resistensi Insulin
3. DM tipe lain : MODY; Peny.Eksokrin pancreas,Cushing S dll
4. DM Gestasi. (Kalau hamil DM, tak hamil DM nya sembuh).
Type 2
30% 50%
diabetes
Ulangi KGD
G.D.P.T
D.M.TIPE-1 DM TIPE-2
Mudah terjadi ketoasidosis Jarang ketoasidosis (HONK bisa)
Pengobatan harus dgn insulin Tidak mesti diberi insulin
Onset nya akut Onsetlambat (pelan pelan)
Biasanya kurus /Umur muda Gemuk atau tak gemuk / > 45 thn
Terkait dgn HLA-DR3 & DR4 Tak ada kaitan dengan HLA
ICA; GADA; & IAA selalu (+) Tak ada autoantibodi
Riwayat keluarga (+) pd 10% Riwayat keluarga (+) pada 30%
30-50% kembar identik terkena 100% kembar identik terkena
Kriteria Pengendalian DM
Baik Sedang Buruk
Glukosa Darah puasa (mg/dL) 80-100 100-125 126
Glukosa Darah 2 jam PP (mg/dL) 80-144 145-179 180
A1c (%) <6,5 6,5-8 >8
Kolesterol Total (mg/dL) <200 200-239 240
Kolesterol LDL (mg/dL) <100 100-129 130
1UKPDS Group. Diabetologia 1991; 34:877890. 2Holman RR. Diabetes Res Clin Prac 1998; 40 (Suppl.):S21S25. 3Saydah SH, et al. JAMA 2004; 291:335342.
4Liebl A, et al. Diabetologia 2002; 45:S23S28. 5Turner RC, et al. JAMA 1999; 281:20052012.
Defined glycaemic targets in T2DM
AIC
Deaths from DM -21%
POAD -43%
1%
*p<0.0001
Perencanaan Makan / Diit : BBR = (TB 100) 10%
BB dlm kg; TB dlm cm
Ukur TB& Timbang BB
Kurus /Underweight = <90%
Sedang /Normoweight: 90-110%
BB Idaman = (TB-100) 10% Gemuk : 110-120%
BB dalam kg, TB dlm cm Overweight : > 120 %
Pria TB < 160, Wanita TB < 150
BB Idaman = TB - 100
A
Pilih satu dari M atau A atau G
N SSRN KGD (+)
Evaluasi ulang 2-4minggu
Sasaran KGD tak tercapai
S
Diit + O.Raga + IS + M / A / G (salah satu)*
K
Evaluasi 2-4 minggu
A
Sasaran KGD (+) Sasaran KGD tak tercapai TKOI
N
Diit +O.Raga + Kombinasi IS + M +A atau G
Diit + OR + Kombinasi IS + M + A atau G
T Evaluasi 2-4 minggu
E
Sasaran KGD (+) Sasaran KGD tak tercapai
R
U Diit + O.Raga + IS + M + A + G TKOI Insulin
A
TKOI Insulin
N
* = Dosis minimum hingga maximum
IS = Insulin Secretagogues
(Konsensus Pengelolaan dan Pencegahan Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 di Indonesia 2006, Hal.20)
(Konsensus Pengelolaan dan Pencegahan Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 di Indonesia 2006, Hal.21)
Pathophysiology-based Therapy
for Type 2 Diabetes
Defect in insulin sensitivity
exercise
weight reduction
troglitazone
metformin
Defect in insulin secretion
sulfonylureas (mild defect)
insulin (severe defect)
Pathophysiology-based Therapy
of Type 2 Diabetes
Increased hepatic glucose output
metformin > pioglitazone
insulin (sulfonylurea)
Liver Muscle
Metformin Rosiglitazone
Rosiglitazone Hepatic Pioglitazone Glucos
Pioglitazone glucose Metformin e uptake
output
Tempat bekerja OAD
E. ABSORBSI GULA
Inkretin A.
INTESTIN
-glucosidase inhibitors
PRODUKSI GULA
PEMAKAIAN GLUKOSA DI
B. OTOT DAN
LIVER JARINGAN PERIFER
Glukosa
MUSCLE
C.
Biguanides
Thiazolidinediones ADIPOSE TISSUE
D. Thiazolidinediones
SEKRESI INSULIN
Sulphonylureas Biguanides
Meglitinides
PANKREAS Modified: Ann Intern Med 1999;131:281
TEMPAT DAN CARA KERJA BERBAGAI
OBAT ANTIDIABETIK ORAL
Tempat Kerja Cara Kerja OBAT
Me Sekresi Insulin Sulphonylureas
Other insulin
secretagogues
population treatment
*not available
Second Generation Sulfonylureas
Name Daily Max daily Doses/day
dose dose
range (mg/day)
(mg/day)
Weight gain
Erythema, skin reactions
Blood dyscrasias (abnormal cellular elements)
Hepatic dysfunction and other GI
disturbances
Contraindications for Sulfonylureas
Pregnancy
Surgery
Severe infections
Severe stress or trauma
Severe hepatic or renal failure
Side effects :
Hypoglycemia
Weight gain
Safe at higher levels of creatinin than
sulphonylureas
Biguanides
Mechanism of action: antihyperglycemic
Correct elevated hepatic glucose output
Inhibit gluconeogenesis
insulin resistance
Side Effects :
diarrhea and abdominal discomfort
lactic acidosis if inappropriately prescribed
Therapeutic Actions of Metformin:
Pancreas
Impaired
Insulin secretion
Increased Decreased
glucose glucose
production Hyperglycaemia uptake
Liver + Muscle
Metformin
Thiazolidinediones
CH3
N N S
Antihyperglycemic O O
NH
Do not increase ROSIGLITAZONE O
insulin secretion
Increase insulin
sensitivity in liver N O
S O
and muscle NH
PIOGLITAZONE O
Reduce hepatic glucose output
Improve lipid profiles
Side effects :
- weight gain, edema
- contraindicated with abnormal liver function
a glucosidase inhibitors (Acarbose)
Mechanism of action: competitive and reversible inhibitors of
glucosidase in the small intestine
Delay carbohydrate digestion and absorption
Smaller rise in postprandial glucose
Clinical use
For mild to moderate fasting hyperglycemia
Adverse effects:
Gastrointestinal disturbances; Flatulence,
Adjust insulin
Goal-oriented algorithm for the potential inclusion of glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues or dipeptidyl-peptidase inhibitor in
an existing treatment regimen of type 2 diabetes mellitus. This approach presents the placement of some of the newer
agents in the progression of therapy to insulin. Goals: fasting blood glucose (FBG) <100 mg/dL; 2-hour postprandial
plasma glucose (PPG) <160 mg/dL; glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) as low as possible without severe hypoglycemia.
*Exenatide and sitagliptin are not currently approved for concomitant use with insulin.
Inadequate
1 x Oral 2 x Oral 3 x Oral
Lifestyle
agent agents agents
gains
Short-acting regular
Plasma [Insulin]
Intermediate- NPH
acting
lente
Long-acting ultralente
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hours
Adverse Effects of Insulin Therapy
Hypoglycemia
Especially dangerous in Type 1 diabetics
Lipohypertrophy
Due to lipogenic effect of insulin when small area used for
frequent injections
Absorption from such sites is unpredictable
Lipoatrophy
Due to impurities: switch to highly purified insulin
Lipogenic effect of insulin can repair lesion
Insulin edema- transient, rare
Ilustrasi Kasus I .
Seorang Pria 58 tahun, BB 64 Kg, TB 162 cm, dgn
keluhan banyak minum dan sering /banyak b.a.k
,lemas lemas dan berat badan dirasa makin turun.
TD 140/90mmHg, KGD sewaktu 180 mg/dL
Apakah pria ini menderita DM ?. Apa langkah se
lanjutnya yang perlu dilakukan pada kasus ini ?
Sebagai tambahan Bapa kandung pria ini dulunya
diketahui menderita DM dan meninggal karena
stroke
lanjutan Ilustrasi kasus
Keesokan harinya dilakukan pemeriksaan KGD sewaktu
ulangan menunjukkan KGD 178 mg/dL.
Apakah diagnosa DM sudah dapat disingkirkan dari ka
sus ini ?
Apakah sudah perlu penanganan DM pada kasus ini me
ngingat ada nya riwayat keluarga yg menderita DM ?