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Chemistry of Major Compounds in The Body: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
Chemistry of Major Compounds in The Body: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
Chemistry of Major Compounds in The Body: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
CARBOHYDRATES
LIPIDS
PROTEINS
NUCLEIC ACIDS
CARBOHYDRATES
ALDEHYDE OR KETONE DERIVATES OF POLYHYDRIC ALCOHOLS
1. D AND L SUGARS
- MONOSACCHARIDES ARE DESIGNATED D OR L,DEPENDING ON
THE CONFIGURATION OF THE ASYMETRIC CARBON FARTHEST
FROM THE CARBONYL GROUP
( D ISOMER IF THE HYDROXYL GROUP IN THE RIGHT SIDE,
L ISOMER IT THE HYDROXYL GROUP IN THE LEFT SIDE )
- MOST OF THE SUGARS IN LIVING ORGANISM BELONG TO
THE D SERIES
II. DISACCHARIDES
- CONTAINS 2 MONOSACCHARIDES JOINED BY AN O-GLYCOSIDIC
BOND
- EXAMPLES : MALTOSE (GLUCOSE-GLUCOSE)
LACTOSE (GLUCOSE-GALACTOSE)
SUCROSE (GLUCOSE-FRUCTOSE)
III. OLIGOSACCHARIDES
- CONTAINS 3 10 MONOSACCHARIDES
- COMPONENTS OF GLYCOPROTEINS AND GLYCOLIPIDS
IV. POLYSACCHARIDES
- CONTAINS MORE THAN 10 MONOSACCHARIDES, JOINED BY
GLYCOSIDIC BOND
- EXAMPLES : STARCH
GLYCOGEN
INULIN
GLYCOSAMINOGLYCAN
LIPIDS
CLASSIFICATION:
I. SIMPLE LIPID:
- ESTERS OF FATTY ACIDS WITH VARIOUS ALCOHOLS
II. COMPLEX LIPIDS:
- ESTERS OF FATTY ACIDS CONTAINING GROUPS IN ADDITION
TO AN ALCOHOL AND FATTY ACIDS
- EXAMPLES : FOSFOLIPID, GLYCOLIPID, LIPOPROTEIN
III. PRECURSOR AND DERIVED LIPID
- EXAMPLES : FATTY ACIDS, GLYCEROL, STEROIDS, KETONE
BODIES
FATTY ACIDS
- STRAIGHT ALIPHATIC CHAINS WITH METHYL GROUP AT ONE
END (OMEGA-CARBON) AND A CARBOXYL GROUP AT THE
OTHER END
- MOST FATTY ACIDS IN THE HUMAN HAVE AN EVEN NUMBER
OF CARBON ATOMS USUALLY BETWEEN 16 20
- FATTY ACIDS MAY BE SATURATED OR UNSATURATED
- THE DOUBLE BONDS IN MOST NATURALLY OCCURING FATTY
ACIDS ARE IN THE CIS CONFIGURATION (THE ACYL CHAINS ARE
ON THE SAME SIDE OF THE DOUBLE BONDS);
TRANS MEANS THAT THE ACYL CHAINS ARE ON OPPOSITE SIDES
OF THE DOUBLE BOND
ACYLGLYCEROLS
- FATTY ACIDS REACT WITH ALCOHOL (HYDROXYL) GROUPS TO
FORM ESTERS ---- TRIACYLGLYCEROLS
PHOSPHOACYLGLYCEROLS
- PHOSPHOACYLGLYCEROLS CONTAIN FATTY ACIDS ESTERFIED TO
POSITIONS 1 AND 2 OF GLYCEROL AND A PHOSPHORYL GROUP
AT POSITION 3
IF ONLY A PHOSPHATE GROUP IS ATTACH TO POSITION 3, THE
COMPOUND IS KNOWN AS PHOSPHATIDIC ACID
EICOSANOIDS
- EICOSANOIDS ARE PRODUCED BY MANY CELL IN THE BODY,
SYNTHESIZED FROM POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS CONTAINING
20 CARBON ATOMS WITH 3, 4, OR 5 DOUBLE BONDS
- EXAMPLES : PROSTAGLANDINS, THROMBOXANS, LEUKOTRIENES
STEROIDS
- THE STEROIDS ARE A GROUP OF COMPOUNDS THAT CONTAIN A
STRUCTURE KNOWN AS THE STEROID NUCLEUS (CYCLOPENTANO
PERHYDRO PHENANTHRENE)
- CHOLESTEROL (SYNTHESIZED IN ANIMALS BUT NOT IN PLANTS)
IS THE PARENT COMPOUND FROM WHICH OTHER STEROIDS ARE
PRODUCED IN HUMANS
- CHOLESTEROL IS CONVERTED TO BILE SALTS, THE
ADRENOCORTICAL HORMONE ( STEROID HORMONE) AND THE SEX
HORMONES
- THE 3-HYDROXYL GROUP OF CHOLESTEROL CAN REACT WITH
FATTY ACIDS, FORMING CHOLESTEROL ESTERS WHICH ARE LESS
SOLUBLE THAN FREE CHOLESTEROL AND THREFORE IS STORED
AS DROPLETS IN CELLS, AND ALSO ARE FOUND IN THE BLOOD
LIPOPROTEINS
- THE BILE SALTS ARE AMPHIPATIC COMPOUNDS CONTAIN BOTH
HYDROPHOBIC AND HYDROPHILIC REGIONS, SERVING TO EMULSIFY
THE LIPIDS IN THE DIGESTIVE TRACT
PROTEIN.
- POLYMER OF NUCLEOTIDES.
NUCLEOTIDES ARE COMPOSED OF :