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Power Generation Using Multi Component Working Fluids
Power Generation Using Multi Component Working Fluids
Power Generation Using Multi Component Working Fluids
Working Fluids
P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
External
Irreversibility-1
11
1kg 6
8 Steam
5
7
T
6
4
5 External
Irreversibility-2
2
3 3 f
e
Cooling water
S
4.352 M 7.135
150.0 816.06 A 735.8
777.2 H
639.314 537.0 506.53 310.0
A B C C B
C B A B C B C B C
2.154 M
0.701 M
0.018 M
0.043 M
0.946 M
2.186 M
0.935 M
0.024 M
0.078 M
1.251 M
0.057 M
0382 M
0.382
0.078
G
P=210.061 MW
14.970 M
7.135 735.8 0.854 M
740.70
40.57 740.70 D
61.067 352.2
34.520 310.0
572.218 352.2
0.9069 642.9 0.1033 577.3
36.52 843.89
40.57
34.700 423.0
639.314 200.0 15.87 789.9
2.269 683.2
26.299 195.5
38.54
0.8616 642.9
16.883 106.8
0.000 M
0.4143 619.8
20.510 77.96 0.1033 46.1
20.510 76.5
509.028 46.4
639.314 164.1
205.5 168.3
205.5
49.2
509.028 49.0
47.0
509.028 46.8
0.299 M
748.8 H
C
0.0 K
2.8 K
3.7 K
0.0 K
2.8 K
D
19.38 46.7
509.028 46.3
256.21
639.314 247.0
509.026 120.8
121.3
6.0 K
210.3 6.0 K
12.0K
D D
61.067 206.0
172.0
124.0
95.766 170.0
26.299 123.8
95.0
76.2
43.183 95.0
63.693 76.3
99.9
0.299 99.9
58.8
63.693 58.8
6.414 162.1
639.314 160.7
Exit at higher
velocity
Kinetic
Energy
loss
12.65 m3/ kg
T 0C
300
250
200
150
100
Two Phase Fluid
50
Selection of Another Working Fluid along with
Water !!!
The fluid generally has lower boiling temperature than
water.
Lower freezing point and high stability temperature.
Higher latent heat and low liquid specific heat or near
vertical saturated liquid line so that most of the heat is
added during change of phase without the need for the
complexity of regenerative feed heating to Carnotize the
cycle to realize high cycle efficiency.
Small specific volume and low viscosity.
The fluid should to be non-corrosive, non-flammable,
non-toxic and safe to use.
Good availability and low cost.
T-S and T-X DIAGRAMS : Binary Components
Mixtures as Working Fluids
Any single component working fluid, due to pinch, approach
point limitations and a constant boiling point, cannot cool the
gases to low temperature.
Single component fluid can recover only about 15-20 % of the
energy is that recovered by a two phase fluid.
Multiple pressure systems could recover more energy, but
added the complexity of the system and cost.
The main characteristic is that the boiling of working fluid
occurs over a range of temperatures.
By virtue of varying boiling point, two component working
fluid is able to "match" or run parallel to the gas (source)
cooling temperature line while recovering energy and hence the
final exit gas temperature can be low.
The condensation of two component working fluid also occurs
over a range of temperatures and hence permits additional heat
recovery in the condensation system.
The condenser pressure can be much higher in two component
fluid cycle, and the cooling water temperatures do not impact
the power output of the turbine .
Thermo-physical properties of mixture can also be altered by
changing the concentration of one component.
This helps to recuperate or regenerate energy in the
condensation system.
Modifications to the condensing system are also possible by
varying the mixture concentration and thus more energy can be
recovered from the exhaust gases.
Expansion in turbine can give a saturated vapor in two
component fluid cycle compared to wet steam.
Conventional equipment such as steam turbines can be used in
two component fluid cycle.
Rankine Cycle Vs Novel Cycle
h2 h3
cycle
h2 h1
Variation of first law efficiency at different steam inlet conditions of simple
The following modifications are suggested for the proposed Ammonia water
cycle when compared to KCS 34.
1.Super heater is added in the cycle to utilize the superheated steam at low
temperature and pressure.
The saturated vapor from the separator is superheated in the super heater
before entering the steam turbine.
2.The additional feed water is included in the system, which utilize the
sensible heat of low grade to heat the sub-cooled water coming it from the
condenser of an Ammonia water cycle
Kalina Cycle with Subcooler
Effect of turbine inlet pressure on first law
efficiency
The Superheat Kalina Cycle
Comparison of Exergy destruction in various
components of the Ammonia water cycles