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unemployment)
We apply statistical concepts in our lives.
Or in other words:
Using data collected from a small group to
draw conclusions about a larger group
DATA
The set of individual values associated with a variable.
STATISTICS
The methods that help transform data into useful
information for decision makers.
Copyright 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1, Slide 14
Types of Variables
DCOVA
Variables
Categorical Numerical
Examples:
Marital Status
Political Party Discrete Continuous
Eye Color
(Defined categories) Examples: Examples:
Number of Children Weight
Defects per hour Voltage
(Counted items) (Measured characteristics)
Nominal level data that is classified Interval level similar to the ordinal
into categories and cannot be level, with the additional property that
arranged in any particular order. meaningful amounts of differences
between data values can be
determined. There is no natural zero
EXAMPLES: eye color, gender, point.
religious affiliation. EXAMPLE: Temperature on the
Fahrenheit scale.
Ordinal level data arranged in some Ratio level the interval level with
order, but the differences between an inherent zero starting point.
data values cannot be determined Differences and ratios are meaningful
or are meaningless. for this level of measurement.
EXAMPLE: During a taste test of 4 soft EXAMPLES: Monthly income of
drinks, Mellow Yellow was ranked surgeons, or distance traveled by
number 1, Sprite number 2, Seven- manufacturers representatives per
up number 3, and Orange Crush month.
number 4.
Copyright 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1, Slide 16
Levels of Measurement
DCOVA
A nominal scale classifies data into distinct
categories in which no ranking is implied.
SAMPLE
A sample is the portion of a population
selected for analysis. The sample is the small
group
Copyright 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1, Slide 36
Population vs. Sample
DCOVA
Population Sample
Samples
Simple Stratified
Random
Judgment Convenience
Systematic Cluster
Simple
Systematic Stratified Cluster
Random
Items
Item Name Item # The First 5 Items in a simple
Bev R. 001 random sample
Item # 492
Ulan X. 002 Item # 808
. . Item # 892 -- does not exist so ignore
Item # 435
. .
Item # 779
. . Item # 002
. .
Joann P. 849
Paul F. 850
Population
Divided
into 4
strata
Population
divided into
16 clusters. Randomly selected
clusters for sample
underlying characteristics
Stratified sample
Ensures representation of individuals across the entire
population
Cluster sample
More cost effective
level of precision)
Sampling error
Variation from sample to sample will always exist
Measurement error
Due to weaknesses in question design and / or respondent
error
Random
Sampling error differences from
sample to sample
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