DISSERTATION

M.Tech
PRESENTATION ON
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION, ON HIGH EXPENSIVE BLACK
COTTON SOIL BY USING PHOSPHOGYPSUM, LIME AND FLY ASH
Submitted By
Shelendra Kumar
(12MUMFCTD001)

Guided By: Mr. Abhijeet kishore

Contents:
Introduction
Objective
Material and Experimental Investigation
Data Analysis And Discussion
Conclusion
Future Work
References
Introduction:
Roads are having different layers which provide strength for sustaining
the heavy loads due to vehicular movement. Among these, Sub-grade is
the most important one as it provides support to all the above layers.
Sub-grade is nothing but the natural soil and different types of soil are
having different properties. If Sub-grade soil has poor properties, it
needs modification or stabilization to improve its properties.
Soil stabilization is a process of treating a soil in such a manner as to
maintain, alter or improve the performance of the soil as a construction
material.
Potential uses of waste materials.
Fly ash use for bulk filler
Lime-use for Widening material
Phosphogypsum-Use for reduce the quantity of lime
Objective:
To study behaviour of Fly ash, Lime & Phosphogyspum with Black
cotton soil,samples are collected from surrounding area of Uttar
Pradesh region (Jhansi,Mahoba, Hamirpur,Lalitpur) and experimental
works carried out for evaluation of Fly ash, Lime & Phosphogyspum.
The study for soil characteristics, Free Swell Index, Standard Proctor
Test, Specific Gravity, CBR and UCS are conducted for natural and
treated soil samples.
To improve the Soak CBR for CH type of soil earlier is 3.1% which
improves about 16.5% With Fly ash, Lime & Phosphogyspum
Treatment. UCS Value with CH type of soil earlier is 1.5 Mpa which
improves to 5.1 Mpa with Fly ash, Lime & Phosphogyspum Treatment
 Need of the study:
The property of volumetric changes with the change of atmospheric
conditions makes black cotton soil dangerous to be founded Pavements
& buildings. It swells excessively when wet and shrinks excessively
when dry resulting terrible cracks in soil without any warning. It has a
great affinity to water. This tendency of soil is on account of the
presence of fine clay particles. Cracks are formed due to movement of
the ground on account of alternate swelling and shrinkage. The cracks
thus formed are sometimes 15 to 20 cm wide and 2.5 to 4 m deep.
In addition to that total production of their waste materials are as
2000-2200 thousand metric tonne, 1200-1400 metric tonne & 1800-2200
metric tonne for fly ash, lime, Phosphogyspum respectively. The
Research work done on copper slag by Anish shah but not any research
work done yet on fly ash, lime & Phosphogyspum as an alternative in
pavement Sub-grade layer construction. So, the study needs to done.
Study area:
Uattar pradesh
 Study Objectives:
To Study the different properties of Soil in south Uttar Pradesh
Region.(Black Cotton soil)
To Study the proportion mix of material (Phosphogyspum) for soil
stabilization.
To Study Different mix proportion at different moisture content with
types of soil available. (Black Cotton soil)
To optimize cement proportion with replacement of waste material
(Phosphogyspum).
Study approach:
Step 1:Identification of the study area and definition in which the area
of interest or study is selected.
Step 2: Objectives and scope of work are defined..
Step 3: Various literatures like books, research papers, thesis reports
etc. regarding the study are referred.
Step 4: Collection of soil samples from the study area is carried out and
various tests are performed.
Continue
Step 5: Laboratory tests are carried out on collected soil samples from
the study area (Uttar Pradesh region). The tests are performed to
evaluate physical and engineering properties of the soil.
Step 6The samples are tested for Sieve Analysis, Specific gravity, Free
swell index, Atterbergs Limit, Standard Proctor Test, CBR and
Unconfined compressive strength without treatment Soil and Modified
Proctor, CBR and Unconfined compressive Strength test carried out for
treated soil.
Step 7: On the basis of Laboratory test results analysis carried out and
improvement in various engineering properties of the soil due to
material of soil stabilization is identified.
Step 8: Finally the summary of the study carried out and the inferences
drawn with respect to the study objectives are contained in the
conclusions.
 Material and Experimental Investigation:
Fly Ash
Fly ash is a waste by product from Thermal power plants which use coal as fuel.
Generally, fly ash can be classified as Class-C fly ash and Class-F fly ash. This
classification is based on the percentage of calcium oxide available in fly ash. At
present about 100 Thermal power plants in India produce about 130million
tonnes of fly . Table no 1 and 2 represent the chemical and physical properties
of fly ash
Sr. No. Parameters Percentage Sr. No. Parameters Percentage
(%) (%)
1 Silicon oxide 32 - 35 1 Finesse 12 - 20
2 Aluminium 17 - 21 2 Soundness(Au 0.04 - 0.17
oxide toclave
3 Iron oxide 5 - 6.5 Expansion)
4 Sulphur 1.5 - 2 3 Drying 0.01- 0.02
trioxide shrinkage(at
5 Calcium oxide 26 - 29 28 days)
6 Loss on 0.2 - 0.80 4 Density 2- 2.70
Ignition

Table No 1 Table No.2

 Phosphogypsum:
Phosphogypsum is the by-product of phosphoric acid industry, consists of
CaSO4.2 H2O and contains some impurities such as Phosphorus pent
oxide (P2O5), F and organic substances. These impurities seriously restrict the
industrial use of Phosphogyspum in cement industry as a retarder.Table no 1
and table no 2 give the chemical and physical properties .
Sr. No. Parameters Percentage Sr. No. Parameters Percentage
(%)
1 Calcium oxide 40 43
(Cao) 1 Hardness 2
2 Silica(sio2) 1-3
3 Alumina 1.5 3
2 Density 2.30 -2.45
(Al2o3)
4 Fe2O3 0.05 1.0
5 Magnesium 1. 0. 3 Specific gravity 31. -
oxide Mgo 05 2.33
6 Sulphate 48 - 51
trioxide So3

Table No. 1 Table No.2

 Lime:
A General term for burned limestone, also known as quicklime,
hydrated lime and unslaked or slaked lime. Its predominant usage
(90%) is as a basic industrial chemical. It still enjoys its traditional
building use .

Sr. No. Parameters Percentage (%)

Sr.No. Parameters Percentage

1 Calcium oxide 38 42
(Cao) 1 Hardness 3-4

2 Silica(sio2) 20 25
2 Density 2.5 - 2.65(%)
3 Alumina 24
(Al2O3) 3 Compressive 1800-2100
4 Other oxides 1.5 2.5 Strength kg/sq.cm
(Na, Mg)
4 Water >1%
5 Loss on ignition 30 32
absorption

Table no.1 Table no.2

Experimental Investigations:

Specific Gravity

Free Swell Index

Atterberg Limits

Modified Proctor test

Unconfined Compressive Strength(UCS)

California Bearing Ratio (CBR)

TEST MIX PROPORTIONS: TEST MIX PROPORTIONS SHOWN IN THE NEXT

SLIDE
Mix PROPORTIONS
Sr. No Mix proportions

1 SOIL+25% FA+ 0%L + 0%PG

2 SOIL+25% FA+ 3%L + 0%PG

3 SOIL+25% FA+ 6%L + 0%PG

4 SOIL+25% FA+ 9%L + 0%PG

5 SOIL+25% FA+ 0%L + 0.3%PG

6 SOIL+25% FA+ 3%L + 0.3%PG

7 SOIL+25% FA+ 6%L + 0.3%PG

8 SOIL+25% FA+ 9%L + 0.3%PG

9 SOIL+25% FA+ 0%L + 0.6%PG

10 SOIL+25% FA+ 3%L + 0.6%PG

11 SOIL+25% FA+ 6%L + 0.6%PG

12 SOIL+25% FA+ 9%L + 0.6%PG

13 SOIL+25% FA+ 0%L + 1.0%PG

14 SOIL+25% FA+ 3%L + 1.0%PG

15 SOIL+25% FA+ 6%L + 1.0%PG

16 SOIL+25% FA+ 9%L + 1.0%PG

Data Analysis and Discussion:
Specific Gravity
Specific gravity G is defined as the ratio of the weight of an equal
volume of distilled water at that temperature both weights taken in air
Gs=Ps/Pw. This test is useful in determining the specific gravity of the
materials and is carried out according to IS: 2720 (part 3, section I).
Result of specific gravity Test:

Sr. No Specific Gravity test

1 Jhansi (Uttar Pradesh ) 2.58

2 Fly Ash 2.42

3 Phosphogyspum 2.33
Compression of Different Experimental Results
1.Free swell index Test
Continue..
CBR Value:
Continue ..
Unconfined Compressive Strength:
Atterberg Limits:
Continue.
Continue.
Modified Procter Test :
Continue
Observations On Material Characteristics
The following observations are made for the various materials that are
tried for different combinations. Observations are solely dependent on
the laboratory investigations discussed earlier.
From the laboratory experiment it is clearly identify that the treatment
improves CBR and UCS Values.
The literature clearly shows that the treatment of a soil with the Fly
ash, Lime, Phosphogyspum improve the properties of the soil.
The Fly ash, Lime, Phosphogyspum treated soils shrinks after
treatment which slightly increase the density and results shows that
there is no considerable effect on OMC.
The use of Fly ash, Lime, Phosphogyspum provide a clear advantage of
improvement of the engineering performance of the sub grade soil.
Conclusion:

The study has focussed on finding the suitable application of

Phosphogyspum, Fly ash & Lime in the non-bituminous layers of the
flexible pavement based on the geotechnical characterization of mix
comprising Phosphogyspum, Fly ash & Lime and soils. Black cotton
soil was considered for the study purpose.
The most probable laboratory investigations required to be
performed and material specifications needed in order to explore its
suitability were identified via a thorough literature review and
available technical know-how.
Recommendations For Future work:

Although this work successfully covered a wide area of research on the

potentiality of Phosphogyspum as a road construction material, there are still
some important areas to be covered in future research studies. The most
important research points are summarized as following:
The current work is limited to study the feasibility of Fly ash, Lime,
Phosphogyspum in non-bituminous layers of flexible pavement. Further
investigations should be carried out to study its feasibility in rigid pavements as
well as in bituminous layers of flexible pavement.
REFERENCES

[1] Ambaries Ghosh and Chillara Subbarao Strength Characteristics of

Class F Fly Ash Modified with Lime and Gypsum. Journal of
Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental
Engineering,Vol.133,No.7,July2007,pp.757-7662007,
[2] R. Sathish Kumar Experimental Investigation on the Stabilization
of Black Cotton Soil using Cement, Fly Ash and Lime 2007.
[3] Vijay Kumar Sureban Improving CBR Characteristics of Black
Cotton Subgrade For Better Pavement Performance, 2009.
[4] Dr. Robert m. Brooks Soil Stabilization with Fly ash and Rice husk
ash international journal of research and reiew in appliedscience
2009,ISNN-209-217
[5]D K Soni, geotechnical engineering jounral Effect of Freezing-
Thawing and Wetting-Drying on Tensile Strength of Lime-Fly ash
Stabilized Black Cotton Soil. .ISNN-00465-8828,2008
 [6] M. Jayakumar and Lau Chee Sing Experimental Studies on Treated
Sub-Base Soil with Fly Ash and Cement For Sustainable Design
Recommendations, 3rd international conference cotse nov.8-9 2006.
[7] M. Anjan Kumar, D. S.V. Prasad and G. V. R. Prasada Raju,
Performance Evaluation of Stabilized Fly Ash Sub bases IOSRTEN
2011.ISNN 2250-3021
[8] V G. Havanagi, A.K. Sinha, V.K. Arora, S. Mathur Waste Materials
for Construction of Road Embankment and Pavement Layers, ISOR
journal mechnical and civil engineering IOSR 2009,ISNN-2320-334X
[9] Ravin M. Tailor, Dr M.D. Desai Application of Lime-Fly ash
Stabilization for Standardization of Urban Road Construction at Surat,
South Gujarat, international conference on infrastructure
development in India 2009,IN-635109
[10] M. Jayakumar and Lau Chee Sing Experimental Studies on Treated
Sub-Base Soil with Fly Ash and Cement For Sustainable Design
Recommendations ,world academy of science engineering and
technolgy 2012.vol.-6
Continue:

Codes:
IRC: 37-2001, Guidelines for the Design of Flexible Pavement.
IS: 2720-1983, Methods of Tests for Soil
Books:
Highway Engineering by S.k.Khnna and C.E.G.Justeo
Punamia B.C., Soil Mechanics and Foundations, Laxmi Publications,
New Delhi
Kadiyali L.R. Principles and Practices of Highway Engineering,
Khanna Publishers Delhi-2006.
Soil Mechanics And Foundation Engineering by Dr.K.R.Arora
Publication :

International Journal :
[1] shelendra kumar A study on high Expansive black cotton soil to find
out the properties with the help of mixing other soil stabilising
materialInternational journal research in technological studies
Volume-2,Issue-4 March 2015 ISSN:2348-1439,2014
[2] Shelendra KumarExperimental investigation, on High Expansive
black cotton soil by using phosphogypsum,limeFly ash , International
journal research and science, Industrial Science Volume-1,Issue-7 Oct
2014 ISSN:2347-5420,2014
Conference:
[1] Shelendra KumarExperimental Analysis on High Expansive soil with
the help of fly ash for Flexible pavement Design International
conference on Innovative Advancement in Engineering And
Technology ,Jaipur National University, Jaipur ,7-8 March 2014
THANK YOU