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4b ControlVolumes Momentum
4b ControlVolumes Momentum
Prof. Sidebotham
The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art
Ex. My Buckets Got a Hole In it
Cross-section shown of straight bucket
with inner diameter D, height H0.
Bucket has a lid with a vent hole
(diameter di)
Bucket has an exit hole (diameter de) a
di height He above bottom.
Bucket is initially filled with water and
allowed to drain. The depth of water vs
time, H(t) is considered to be measured.
Goal of Analysis is to determine the
volumetric flow rate of water as a
function of depth above hole (H(t) - He).
H0
H(t) de
He
D
Several Control Volumes Possible
CVI: Bucket/Air/Water
CVI includes the air and water
inside the bucket, plus the
bucket itself
It is a FIXED volume.
Fluid crosses the boundary at 2
locations (air in and water out).
Reaction forces on the ground
prevent motion.
Consider 2 snapshots
H H+DH
@t @ t+Dt
i CV @ t
at time t, there is a
slug of air (mass mi)
that is going to enter
the control volume
during time Dt. It also
has momentum.
Mom @ t MV CV @ t miVi
Fluid that WILL enter has momentum.
Bucket is stationary, but there is fluid Note that the velocity for the mass is the
motion inside, which has momentum. velocity RELATIVE TO CV, but its
Hard to analyze, but its there. momentum is RELATIVE TO INERTIAL REF.
FRAME (important for moving CVs)
CV @ t+Dt
at time t+Dt, there is a
slug of water (mass
me) that exited the
control volume during
time Dt. It also carries
e momentum with it.
Mom @ t Dt MV CV @ t Dt meVe
The fluid moving inside has momentum Again, the mass flux is relative to CV, but
that might be slightly different than it was momentum depends on INERTIAL REF.
previously. FRAME
Momentum Conservation
at time t+Dt, the
at time t, the slug
i Li of mass that will
slug of mass that
entered is a part
exit is a part of
of the CV.
the CV
i
M CV @ t M CV @ t Dt Li
H H+DH
e e
@t @ t+Dt
D MV F Dt
M CV @ t DtVcm @ t Dt meVe M CV @ tVcm @ t miVi F Dt
miVi iVi , N DtAi Vi
mi Li
Vi,n Relative to CV
Relative to
INERTIAL REFERENCE FRAME
Nomenclature Alert
dmi A DOT over a variable means it is
m i a FLUX, not a time derivative.
dt dTHING/dt means that the thing
is changing with time.
mdot can be time invariant (and
often is).
AV i V dTHING/dt = 0 means steady-
state.
Le Ve, N Dt
e Ve,n
me e Le Ai eVe, N DtAe
Dt
me
m eVe Ve eVe, N Ae Ve
Dt
Forces Acting on CV:
Surface and Body Forces
FCV dFs gdV
CS CV
d MV
CV
m V m V Mg RRx PdA FluidShear
dt inlets outlets CS
Solve for Reaction Forces:
D MV
CV
m iVi m eVe Mg RRx PdA FluidShear
Dt CS
D MV
Quasi-Steady Approximation:
There is momentum within
0 CV
stationary CV, but assume it
Dt CHANGES SLOWLY with time. Could
be estimated after the fact.
m iVi airVair ,in Ain Vair j
Its an inlet, so mdot is positive, but
note that the momentum is negative.
m eVe wVw,out Aout Vw,out i
PdA FluidShear 0
CSis ambient everywhere, and assumed ambient
Pressure
where fluid crosses, and no velocity gradients for shear.
Cleaning Up:
0 m wVw,out R i m V
x air air ,in M total g R
y j
Rx m wVw,out
m airVair ,in
R y m airVair ,in M total g
Thing V dA Thing uA
CS
Quasi-1D Flow Approximation
m airVair ,in
Mg D / 2 xair m airVair ,in yair m wVw,out
xR
D/2 Mg m airVair ,in
Mg m wVw,out
Note: If xR < 0,
bucket will tip
yw
A
Rx Ry
xR
Moving, but Not Accelerating,
Control Volume
Linearly Accelerating
Control Volume
Ex: Reducing Union
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