Sampling and Sample

Distribution
 The Sampling Process
• Step 1: Define the population
It is the aggregate of all elements, usually
defined prior to the selection of sample.
• Elements
• Sampling Unit
• Extent/Scope
• Time
• Step 2: Identify the sampling frame
A complete list of population unit is the
sampling frame.
The sampling frame should be so selected
which consists of almost all the sampling units.
e.g. list of members of professional bodies, list of
member units of trade and industry
associations
• Step 3: Specify the sampling unit:
The sampling units is the basic unit containing the
elements of target population.

• Step 4: Specify the sampling method

How the samples are collected.
Probability sampling
Non probability sampling
• Step 5 Determine the sample size
The decision about the number of samples or
elements to be chosen of target population.

• Step 6: Specify the Sampling plan

Action or implementing plan of sampling.

• Step 7: select the sample

Field work and office work of collecting samples
 Why Sampling?
• To survey whole population is not feasible due to
cost, time, labor and other constraints, hence
sampling is more economical.
• Relatively sampling process is very less time
consuming.
• Relatively very small staff is required for
gathering information, analyzing and preparation
of report.
• Quality work.
 Types of Sampling
Two basic types of sampling methods

• Probability Sampling method

• Non- Probability sampling method
• Probability Sampling method
• The probability of chance of every unit in the
population being included in the sample is
known.
• Selection of specific unit in the sample
depends entirely on chance.
• Non- Probability sampling method
• The probability of inclusion of any unit in
sample is not known.
• The selection of units within a sample involves
human judgment rather than pure chance.
 Probability Sampling Method
• Simple random sampling
• Systematic sampling
• Stratified Sampling
• Cluster Sampling
• Simple random sampling
• Simple random sampling is the simplest type
of sampling, in which we draw a sample of
size(n) in such a way that each of the ‘N’
members of population has the same chance
of being included in the sample.
• Systematic sampling
• Selection of unit depends upon the selection
of a preceding unit.
• For estimating precision of the result
systematic samples are treaded as the Simple
random sample.
• Stratified Random sampling
• In this process, the members of the
population are first assigned to strata or
group, on the basis of some characteristics
and a simple random sample is drawn from
each stratum or group.
• Cluster Sampling
• In this process, the members of the
population are first assigned to s group, on the
basis of some characteristics and select entire
group or cluster at random.
 Non- Probability sampling method

• Convenience sampling:
• The selection of sample is depend upon
researcher who is to select the sample.
• The data collection and sample cost is
minimum in this case.
• This method is also called ‘ accidental
sampling’.
• Judgment Sampling:
• In judgment sampling, the judgment or opinion
of some experts forms the basis of the sampling
method.
• It is expected that these samples would be better
as the experts are supposed to know the
population.
• This method is used mainly for the situations
requiring extremely small size of samples
• Quota Sampling:
• This is the most frequently used non-probability
sampling method.
• Sample size (quota) are established for each stratum.
• Snowball Sampling: A type of non-probability
sampling where initial respondents are selected at
random and subsequent respondents are then
selected by referrals or information from the earlier
respondents.
 Characteristics of a good research
• Goal Orientation: Sample design should be oriented
to the research objectives
• Measurability: The parameters under study should be
some how measurable so that accuracy can be
ensured.
• Usability: The sample size should be convenient to
collect and analyze.
• Cost factor: The total cost of sample design, collection
and analysis of the data should be minimum.
 Errors
• Sampling Errors:
• Sampling errors are those which arise due to
drawing of faulty inferences about the
population based on the result oriented from
samples.
• The sample error would be small for large
sample size in relation to population.
• Non- Sampling Errors
• Non-sampling errors are introduced due to technically
faulty observations or calculation during the processing
of the data.
• These errors occurs at different stages like..
• Methods of data collection
• Incomplete coverage of the population
• Inaccurate information provide by the participants
• Errors occurring during editing, tabulating and
mathematical manipulation of data.
 Terms of sampling
• Sample size: Number of cases selected from the population
to use as a sample.
• Sampling error: The difference between a sample estimate
and the population introduced by the sampling process.
• Sampling fraction: The proportion of the number of sample
elements to the number of population elements.
• Sampling Interval: The number of records between the
records, systematically selected from a sampling frame or
population.
• This is usually calculated by dividing the total number of
records in the geographical frame by desired sample size.
• Two stage sampling: A simple case of multi stage
sampling where a sample of units is drawn from
selected sub groups of population of interest.
• Area sampling: Area sampling is basically
multistage sampling in which maps, rather than
list or register serves as the sampling frame.
• The area to be covered is divided into number of
smaller sub-areas from which a sample is
selected at random within these area.