Ahmed Arif

SZABIST, Islamabad.
 Concept of Data Collection
The gathering of information (figures, words or
responses) that describes some situation from which
conclusions can be drawn (Esomar Market)
The art of bringing data from remote points to a
central location and organizing it into understandable
information typically associated with discrete
manufacturing (LIMS).
The researcher processes the data after collecting the
same for analysis.
 Types of
Data

Primary Secondary
Data Data
 Primary vs Secondary Data
Primary Data
Collected and used for a particular
research
Have no prior existences.
Data is collected and used at the
same time.
Reliability may become
questionable.
Researcher biasness may be
involved.
Researcher may influence the
elements
Describe the present situation
Secondary Data
Used for other researches as well.
Have a prior existence.
Data may be collected in past and
used currently
Reliability is less questionable.
Researcher biasness is not involved.
Researcher cannot influence the
elements.
Useful to analyze a trend.
 Observation Method

Schedule Method Interview Method

Methods of
Primary
Data Collection

Socio-metric Questionnaire
Method Method
 Observation Method
Population is observed to collect the information.
Observation of a researcher is far apart different from a
common person.
Researcher observes for a certain reason and not for
merely interest like a common person.
Researchers observes the patterns of a situation and
reasons for the same.
 Natural Method

Mechanical
Contrived Method
Method

Observation
Unstructured Methods Direct Method
Method

Structured Method Indirect Method

 Observation Process
Sensation
The collected information is processed for
Researchers uses their five senses.
relevancy.

Attention
Conscious efforts are made for data
Only relevant information is gathered.
collection

Perception
Researchers form perception from the collected data
 Interview Method
Performed for an in-depth study.
Respondents are asked to react or speak on a certain
situation.
Useful to study attitudes, motivations and opinions of
people.
Respondents are unwilling to ask some questions
Questions should sugar coated.
 Computer Assisted
Interviews

Structured
Group Interviews
Interviews

Types of
Interview
Method
Telephonic Unstructured
Interviews Interviews

Individual in-depth
Interviews
 Interview Process
Researcher introduce
Introduction himself/herself.

Objective of the Researcher tells about the

Interview purpose of the interview.

Initiating InterviewResearcher ask the general Research should not

questions first. interrupt

Researchers helps to Researchers may help to

Providing Help respond the questions. recall or explain

Interview is completed and

Conclusion all points noted down.
 Questionnaire Method
Written form of an interview.
Questions are coded
Questionnaire can be self-administered or through
mail
Questionnaires follow a quantitative approach
Phases of Designing a
Questionnaire

Defining Objectives of the Questionnaire

Deciding Type of Questions

Writing Questions

Evaluating Questionnaire
Validity
Reliability
 Socio-Metric Method
Analysis of a social group
Attractions and repulsions are analyzed
Some of the groups members are selected
They are asked to perform some specific activities
This method is helpful to understand the interactions,
communication and choices of the individuals in a
group
 Socio-Metric Method
Some of the terminologies are as under:

Socio-Metric Star: The person selected by the

majority of the group.
Mutuals: Situation in which members select each
other.
Chains: Situation in which one person select 2nd, 2nd
selects 3rd, and so on.
Cleavage: Unselected member.
Process for Socio-Metric Method
Introduction
Introduction to activities
Motive behind the activities is not told

Gathering Information
Questions are asked after performing the
activity

Conclusion
Interpretation of the responses from
team members and drawing conclusion
 Schedule Method
Similar to questionnaire method.
Enumerators are appointed to get the questionnaires
filled in.
These enumerators guide the respondents about filling
the questionnaire.
 Company
Records

Methods of
Government Secondary Internet
Records Data
Collection

Print Media
Selection of Data Collection
Method
Objective of Research

Time Frame for a Research

Availability of Resources/Funds

Precision

Skills of the Researcher