CLD 20002 Occupational Safety & Health UniKL MICET

MICET

Chapter 2
Control Methods ~
Prevention & Control Methods

Universiti Kuala Lumpur 1

Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology

 CLD 20002 Occupational Safety & Health SCET

Content
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2.0 Control Methods

2.1 Principle of control
2.2 Control Measures
Elimination
Substitution
Administrative control
engineering control
PPE
2.3 Chemical Control
Substitution
Enclosure
Isolation
Ventilation
Wet Method
2.4 Emergency Planning
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2.1 Principles of
Control
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Control method
Ultimate objective to reduce risk!
Hazard need to be control!
consider hierarchy of controls
start from TOP!, most effective.

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Principles of Controlcont
Options:
trying a less risk option (changing
process, materials, quantities..)
Installing physical barrier that prevent
access to the hazards
Implementing procedural controls and
rules to keep people away from the hazard

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2.2 Control measures

 Hierarchy of Control
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1. Elimination
2. Substitution
3. Administrative Control
4. Engineering Control
i. Isolation or separation
ii. Enclosure
iii. Containment
iv. Limitation
v. Modification
5. Temporary or back up measures
i. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
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1. ELIMINATION

Ultimate control:
Through prohibition
Through discontinuing dangerous work
practices.
Through removing dangerous substances or
equipments.
Through control at its source.
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1.ELIMINATIONcont
EXAMPLES:

Using machine to do repetitive manual handling

Discontinuing noisy machine/process

Completely removing asbestos from workplace.

Prohibition of some hazards or its source being

used, operated or even being in the work area.
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1.ELIMINATIONcont
EXAMPLES:
removing the fire hazard by using non
combustible materials
using pneumatic or hydraulic system
instead of electrical system (fire hazard)
using supplier handling of hazardous
process at their location
removing sharp edges & corner of
equipment
eliminating protruding materials or
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2. SUBSTITUTION

Some of them, we cannot eliminate so 2nd

option is substitution.

Question?
Can we substitute the process, chemical
or activity to less hazard one?

Always ask CAN WE?

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2. Substitutioncont
Such as:
Can we have a toxic substance supplied a
different form which give less hazardous
such as replace a liquid with a powder?
Can we have a toxic substance in a lower
concentration? ..and still effectively
performed the task
Can we reduce the handling of a material
by having it delivered to a different
location?
Can we divide a load to make it easier to
handle?
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2. SUBSTITUTIONcont

Replacement of a hazardous material

or process or equipment with one that
is less hazardous

Eg. the replacement of

mercury thermometers with
alcohol thermometers

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2. SUBSTITUTIONcont

.replacing the hazard with one that

lower risk (and more manageable).
EXAMPLE:

Replacing glass with plastic

Using a less hazardous chemical instead
of toxic ones.
Vacuuming rather than sweeping
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3.ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS

Elimination and substitution control

make more effective with
Administrative Controls.

Administrative Controls ~ involve in

lying down policies and managing work
place procedures.

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3.Administrative Controlscont

Reduction of exposure to risk through use

of procedures or instruction
EXAMPLES:
1.Job rotation to reduce exposure
2.Instruction and training in safe work
procedures
3.Limited entry / time in hazardous areas.

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3. Administrative Controlscont
EXAMPLES:

Establishing procedures for the on-going

maintenance of plant and equipments.
Monitoring the contaminant level.
Organizing hazardous operations when
small members of people present, commonly
between shifts or after normal working hours
etc
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4. ENGINEERING CONTROLS

Many and varies

Engineering Controls:
i. Isolation or separation
ii. Enclosure
iii. Containment
iv. Limitation
v. Modification
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4. ENGINEERING CONTROLScont

Examples:
general design of work place, plant
& equipments
installation of additional lighting to
provide adequate illumination
use of automation & mechanical
devices

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ISOLATION or SEPARATION
Isolating or separating the hazard from
the person, or the person from the
hazard
EXAMPLE

Enclosing or guarding dangerous equipment

Placing guards on moving parts of machinery
Placing barriers around a spill until cleaned up
Using remote-controlled handling equipment for
hazardous processes
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ENCLOSURE
Reduce exposure to fume or vapour,
noise or heat by segregation of workers
from the source of harm by time or
distance
in mining where workers retire to a
safe distance at the time of blasting,
when such operations take place on
shifts when fewer workers are about.
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CONTAINMENT

Examples?
Use local exhaust system during
welding activity away from
operations
Metal fume is sucked & removed
the contaminant or containing the
hazard at it source.
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LIMITATION
To limit the effect from the potential
hazard ,to ensure no injury or damage
will result to workers or equipments.
install safety valve to maintain safety limit
of pressure system.
potential of electrical hazard maybe
reduce by use low voltage & low amperage
power or batteries.
potential of spill may be achieved by
installation of an over flow system. 23
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MODIFICATION

redesign of equipment, work process or work

environment
Requires thinking about ways
work could be done differently
to make work safer.
EXAMPLE:

Rearranging aspects of workplace

Modifying exhaust system to reduce noise
Controlling chemicals through ventilation
Using a trolley to move heavy loads.
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5. TEMPORARY or BACK UP MEARURES

Lowest in hierarchy of control strategies.
Dependent on appropriate human behavior to
work adequately.
Requires very robust mgmt enforcement &
commitment
Tend to be less effective
Should not be relied on as primary means of
risk control until options higher up hierarchy of
control strategies attempted and exhausted.
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5. TEMPORARY MEARUREScont
Consist of
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENTS (PPE)
..as last option in controlling hazard.
..it role is effective only when all other
options are either unsatisfactory or not
practical.
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Benefit of Hazards Control

~ direct results of control program

i. Few illness & injury

ii. Increase productivity
iii. Reduce accident cost
iv. Increase safety awareness etc

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2.3 Chemical control

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Chemical Control
Usage, spillage, exposure of chemicals

CONTROL

Avoid injuries, illnesses, hazard, harm

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Chemical Controlcont
SUBSTITUTION

ENCLOSURE

CHEMICAL
ISOLATION
CONTROL

VENTILATION

WET METHOD
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Chemical Controlcont

SUBSTITUTION

Choosing a substitute chemical:

Less volatile/Highly volatile

Liquid form/Solid form material

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Chemical Controlcont

ENCLOSURE
An entire process or a portion of a process
can sometimes be closed to prevent escape
of contaminants into workplace.
Very toxic chemicals should be handled in
enclosed systems.
Effective hazard control is accomplished if
the enclosure is kept under negative
pressure.
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Chemical Controlcont

ENCLOSURE
Examples of chemical hazards control by
enclosure:
1. Using glove box or booth for handling of
radioactive or highly toxic materials.
2. Using chamber for abrasive blasting
3. Using enclosure for mixing tank, spray
cleaning, material conveying or
transferring.
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Chemical Controlcont

ISOLATION /SEGREGATION
Isolated/segregated chemical
processes/operations or sources of hazard
to minimize the number of exposed persons.
Examples ?

Segregate between liquid and solid forms

of chemicals for storage.
Separate the incompatible chemicals.
Operation of manufacturing processes
(petroleum refining, distillation, polymerization)
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Chemical Controlcont

VENTILATION
Control toxic and/or flammable
atmospheres by exhausting or supplying air
to either remove hazardous atmospheres at
their source or dilute them to a safe level.
To prevent the work environment from
being too hot, cold, dry or humid
To prevent contaminants in the air from
getting into the area where workers
breathe.
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General Ventilationcont
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Chemical Controlcont

WET METHOD
Alternative method for ventilation. This type
of method is applied to a dusty working
environment.
Objectives:
Minimize the dust released to the
surroundings and atmosphere
Minimize and eliminate the risk of inhaling
the dust
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Wet Methodcont
Spraying water onto the equipment
that produces dust in order to reduce
or eliminate the dust emission
Water will be sprayed gently to the
dust so the dust or particles will be
clogged together with water droplets
Care must be taken to collect and
properly dispose of the wetted material
and water containing the material.
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2.4 Emergency
Planning
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EMERGENCY PLANNING
Contain all of the necessary actions
to be taken in case of an incident
The plan must also list an equipment
and materials required to properly
respond to an incident, an indication
of their locations and a description
of the procedures for using the
equipment and materials
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Emergency Planningcont

Objectives
Prevent fatalities and injuries
Reduce damage to buildings, stock
and equipment
Accelerate the resumption of
normal operations
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Types of Emergency
Fire

Explosion

Release/spillof hazardous substances

Natural events; flood, cyclones,
earthquakes, tsunami
Bomb threat

Hijack / Pirates
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Elements of Emergency Planning

1. All possible emergencies and
consequences has been identified.
2. All required actions, written procedures
and the resources are available
3. Detailed contact number for lists of
personnel including their home telephone
numbers, their duties and responsibility
has been prepared.
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Elements of Emergency Planning

4. Emergency Contact number for BOMBA,

police, hospital, ambulance, DOE, DOSH
and Security Council are available and
display at strategic location.
5. Floor plans
6. Large scale maps showing evacuation and
service conduits (such as gas and water
lines)
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CLD 20002 Occupational Safety & Health SCET
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