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Treatment of Water - Screening & Sedimentation
Treatment of Water - Screening & Sedimentation
Treatment of Water - Screening & Sedimentation
supplies
1. Screening
2. Sedimentation : Rectangular & circular
tank
Methods of Purification of water
Introduction:
Raw water must be treated and purifies before
supplying to the public for the domestic., industrial
or any other use.
The extent of treatment
The characteristics and quality of the available
water ,
quality requirements of drinking water, they
should be made reasonably suitable for industrial
purposes.
Methods of Purification of water
Various Methods:
Screening : To remove big & visible objects
Plain Sedimentation : removal of coarser
suspended materials
Sedimentation aided with coagulation : addition
of chemicals to form flocculent precipitate.
Filtration
Disinfection
Aeration
Softening
Miscellaneous treatment.
1) Screening
Coarse and fine screens :
Screens are provided in front of the pumps or the
intake works so as to exclude the large sized
particles, such as debris , trees etc
Coarse screens & fine screens.
Coarse screen is placed in front of fine screens. It
consists of parallel iron rods placed vertically or
at slight slope at about 2 to 10 cm c/c.
Fine screens are made up of fine wire or
perforated metal with openings less than 1 cm
wide.
1) Screening
Coarse screen remove the bigger floating bodies and the
organic solids .
Fine screens remove the fine suspended solids.
Fine screens get clogged and are to be cleaned frequently.
They are avoided now a days.
Fine particles are separated in sedimentation rather than
in screening.
Coarse screens are kept inclined at about 45 60 degree
to the horizontal, this helps to increase the opening area
and which helps to reduce the flow velocity and thus
making the screening effective.
1) Screening
Design :
The clear openings of screens should have an area so that
the velocity through them is not more than 0.8 to 1
m/s.
The material which is collected on the upstream side of
the screens is removed either manually or mechanically.
Fixed bar type & movable bar type screens are available.
(Ref .figure )
2) Plain Sedimentation
2. Plain sedimentation:
Principle of sedimentation :
Specific gravity of suspended impurities more than water. In
still water settles down under gravity. In normal raw water
impurities remain in suspension - due to the turbulence of
water. If the turbulence is retarded by offering storage to the
water, these impurities tend to settle down at the bottom of
the tank.
The basin in which the flow of the water is retarded is called
settling tank or sedimentation basin or clarifier.
The theoretical average time for which the water is detained in
the tank is called the detention period.
2
Stokes law = = ( 1)
18
2) Plain Sedimentation
Theory of sedimentation :
The settlement of a particle in water brought to rest, is opposed by the following
factors :
I. The velocity of flow : which carries the particle horizontally, If the flow area is
more, then the velocity will be less. So the particles can settle down more easily.
( Q = AV )
II. The viscosity of water in which the particle is travelling. Viscosity varies inversely
with the temperature. Warm water less viscous. But we cannot control the
temp. in the purification process. So this factor neglected.
III. The size, shape and specific gravity of the particle :
If the specific gravity is more , then the particle will settle more easily.
Size - Wt & Volume of spherically shaped particle = d3 /6 , d- diameter
of the particle or its size,Volume d3.
Area= d2 /4,Area d2. ie,Very small sized particles settle down very slowly.
Settling velocity is expressed by Stokes law , which takes the above three factors
into account.
Derivation of Stoke's law & its problem.
2) Sedimentation tank
Sedimentation Tanks
Special basins are constructed in order to purify the surface
waters of rivers or reservoirs by the process of
sedimentation.
Out of the three forces which controls the settling of the
particles :
Velocity of flow : Reduced by increasing the length of travel
and by detaining the particles for a long time in the
sedimentation basin.
Size , shape of the particle : it is changed by the addition
of chemicals (coagulants ) to the water, which improves the
settlement of very fine particles under the process
called sedimentation with coagulation.
Temperature cannot be controlled.
Sedimentation tank
General :
Basins are made of RCC. May be rectangular or circular in plan.
Two types :
Long narrow rectangular tanks with horizontal
flow (preferred)
Circular tanks with horizontal radial or spiral flow.
Capacity & dimensions should be properly designed.
Plain sedimentation tank remove 70% of the suspended impurities in
water.
Important terms :
1. Overflow velocity / overflow rate / surface overflow rate / surface loading (V0 )
It is the velocity at which the tank is designed to operate.
Surface area =As
Vertical upflow tank
Out
V1 = V0
Vs V0 = Q/ As
V1 Settled particles
Raw Water
(Particles +liquid)
Particles falls downward with Vs and the velocity of rising liquid is V1.
If Vs > V1 , 100 % removal of particles. Otherwise particles cannot be
removed.
Design : V0 is about 80 % of Vs. Eqn . For V0 = Depth / time
Horizontal sedimentation tanks :
Assumptions :
a) Particles and their velocity vectors are evenly distributed across the tank
cross-section.
b) The liquid moves as an ideal slug, down the length of the tank.
c) Any particle hitting the bottom of the tank is removed.
Flow
V
V
H
Vs >= V0
V V s1 E
h
Vs2 C
Sludge Outlet
Zone Zone
L
Consider the particle enters at point A at height H. Each particle will be
having horizontal velocity V and vertical settling velocity Vs. Resultant path
is given by the vector sum of V and Vs.
It moves along AC , so that it touched the bottom before reaching the outlet
zone. All particles with same velocity entering at different het h will also be
removed.
Consider the extreme case of slope vector from A to C ,and the geometry of
the basin ,
V / Vs L / H
Vs V .H / L (Q / BH ).( H / L )
(Q / BL )
(Q / As )
(Q / As ) Vo
Vs Vo (Vo Overflow rate)
If Vs > V0 , the particles will settle down and can be removed. Otherwise
particles will remain suspended in the tank.
2. Detention Period or retention period ( t ):
The flow velocity should not cause the scour of the settled or
deposited particles. Ie, The overflow velocity should not be more
than scour velocity, as to cause the uplift of particles which
have settled and reached the sludge zone.
The flow velocity in the tank ( v ) < scour or displacement velocity
(v d )
v d is the minimum velocity required to start the motion of the
settled particles of size d ,
v d = Formula.
Inlet and outlet arrangements in sedimentation tanks :
Inlet for rectangular tank is in the form of a channel extending
to the full width of the tank with a submerged weir type baffle
wall as shown in the fig .