WATER

CHEMISTRY

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 Presentation Outline

Qualities parameters of water requirement

Process of maintaining quality

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 WATER QUALITY FOR SUPER CRITICAL
BOILERS
1. EFFECT OF SUPER CRITICAL PARAMETRS:

IMPROVEMENT IN FUEL EFFIENCY AND HEAT RATE

DECREASE IN SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION

&
REDUCTION IN EMISSION

THESE ARE THE DRIVING FACTORS FOR SUPER

CRITICAL CYCLE

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 2.CRITICAL PARAMETERS

SUPERCRITICAL BOILER
OERATE AT PRESSURE >200
BAR AND TEMPERATURE IS >600 deg.C
THEREFORE THE CONSTRUCTION OF
MATERIALSHOULD HAVE HIGH MECHANICAL
STRENGTH AND LOW CREEP.

AT
SUPER CRITICAL CONDITION THE MEDIUM IS
JUST A HOMOGENEOUS FLUID RATHER THAN
WATER OR STEAM.
THEREFORE USUALLY SUPERCRITICAL BOILER ARE
OF ONCE THROUGH TYPE.

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3.DEFINITION OF SUPERCRITICAL CONDITION
CRITICAL CONDITION IS THERMODYNAMIC

EXPRESSION DESCRIBING THE STATE OF A

SUBSTANCE BEYOUND WHICH THERE IS NO

CLEAR DISTINCTION BETWEEN THE LIQUID

AND GASEOUS PHASE.

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4.REQUIREMENT OF WATER QUALITY

THE CONTENTS OF DISSOLVED AND UNDISSOLVED

SOLIDS AND OTHER MATERIAL SHOULD BE PRACTICALLY
ZERO.
IN ORDER TO MAINTAIN ABOVE CONDITIONS
CONTINUOUS PURIFICATION OF THE RETURN
CONDENSATE BY MEANS OF CPU IS MANDETORY

IT EMPLOY THE USE OF ALL VOLATILE TREATMENT

IN ORDER TO MAINTAIN THE LOW TDS IN WATER.

O.T. IS RECENT METHOD EMPLOYED FOR THE TREATMENT

OF WATER/STEAM CYCLE

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 EFFECT OF CARBONIC ACID ON CORROSION RATE

10 ppm 8 ppm

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 5. MAKE UP WATER QUALITY

PARAMETERS SAMPLE TARGET

FREQUENCY VALUE
------------------------------------------------------------------
1. SODIUM , PPB C <3

2. CONDUCTIVITY C < 0.1

S/CM
3. SILICA , PPB C OR S < 10

4. CHLORIDE , PPB C OR S <3

5. SULPHATE ,PPB D <3

------------------------------------------------------------------
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 6.CONDENSATE PUMP DISCHARGE

PARAMETERS SAMPLE TARGET

FREQUENCY VALUE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.SODIUM, PPB C <3

2.CATION CONDUCTIVITY C < 0.2

S/CM
3.OXYGEN, PPB C < 10
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

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 7. C.P.U OUTLET

PARAMETERS SAMPLE TARGET

FRQUENCY VALUE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. SODIUM, PPB C <2

2.CAT.CONDUCTIVITY C < 0.1

S/CM
3. SILICA, PPB C OR S <5

4. CHLORIDE, PPB S <2

5. SULPHATE, PPB S <2

(VALUE BASED ON EPRI GUIDELINES)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
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 8. FEED WATER
PARAMETERS SAMPLE AVT OT
FREQUENCY
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. CATION CONDUCTIVITY C < 0.15 <0.15
S/CM
2.HYDRAZINE, PPB C 10-15 -----

3. pH C 9.0-9.5 7.0-8.5

4. DISSOLVED OXYGEN, PPB C <5 30-150

5. TOTAL IRON, PPB S <2 <2

6. SILICA, PPB S <5 <5

7.SODUIM, PPB S <2 <2

8.CHLORIDE, PPB S <2 <2

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CONTD
MAGNETITE FORMATION IN ALL VOLATILE TREATMENT

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 OXIDE FORMATION IN OXYGENETED CONDITION

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 Cycle chemistry limit of boiler water during start up, normal operation and shutdown is shown
below: 2 a-b

S ta rtu p O p e r a t io n 1 H our Shut D ow n

> 9 .0

pH 8 .0 - 8 .5

N H 3 ppb (A s n e e d e d )

O 2 ppb 0 30-150
0
0
C a t io n
C o n d u c t iv it y 0 .2
u s /c m < 0 .1 5

F ig u r e 4 : S t a r t u p , o p e r a t io n & s h u t d o w n g u id a n c e f o r o x y g e n a t e d
c h e m is t r y in c lu d in g p a r a m e t r ic lim it s s h o w n .
D o t t e d lin e s r e p r e s e n t s o p t im u m s it u a t io n

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 PROCTECTION OF THE SYSTEM IN BOILER. BUT THE
RATE OF INCREASE IN PRESSURE DROP IS
CONSIDERABLE DUE TO DEPOSITION OF SCALE.
THIS WARRANT REGUALR CHEMICAL CLEANING.
THE ALL VOLATILE TREATMENT OFFER GOOD

OXYGENETED MODE OF TREATMENT OF FEED WATER

RESULTED IN PRACTICALLY NO DEPOSITION OF SCALE
IN BOILER SYSTEM.
THEREFORE LONGER PERIOD OFOPERATION WITHOUT
CLEANING.

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9. RATIONALE FOR MONITORING TARGET PARAMETERS

MONITORING OF PARAMETERS ARE NECESSARY

BECAUSE:
(a) pH :
- CORROSION IS FUNCTION OF pH AND OXYGEN

- ALKALINE CONDITION INCREASES STABILITY OF

MAGNETITE IN ALL VOLATILE TREATMENT

- IN O.T. STABILITY OF FeOOH IS IN RANGE OF pH 7-8.5

(b) SODIUM/CHLORIDE/SULPHATE:

- ARE THE MAJOR CORRODANT FOR TURBINE AND

PRESSURE PARTS.
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(c) DISSOLVEDOXYGEN:

- TO ENSURE THE FUNCTIONING OF DEAREATOR

- TO CONTROL THE AMOUNT OFHYDRAZINE

IN FEED WATER.

(d) IRON:
- THE CORROSION PRODUCT IN WATER/STEAM CYCLE

- INDICATES THE CORROSIVE CONDITIONS

(e) SP.CONDUCTIVITY/CATION CONDUCTIVITY:

- MOST IMPORTANT PARAMETER INDICATE THE LEVEL

OF TREATMENT CHEMICAL AND INDICATION OF
IMPURITIES.

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10. INSTRUMENTATION FOR WATER/STEAM CYCLE

INSTRUMENTATION FOR CORE PARAMETERS

LOCATION PARAMETERS RANGE ALARM

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.MAKE UP WATER CONDUCTIVITY 0 - 1 S/CM YES

2.CEP DISCHARGE SP.CONDUCTIVITY 0 - 10 S/CM YES

CATION CONDUCTIVITY 0 - 1 S/CM YES
SODIUM 0 -1,0 - 100 ppb YES
D.O. 0 - 100 ppB YES

3.C.P.U.(OUTLET) AS IN S.No.2
CHLORIDE 0 -10 ppb YES
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LOCATION PARAMETERS RANGE ALARM
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.FEED WATER pH 6 - 11 YES
SILICA 0 -20 - 100ppb YES
D.O. 0 -10 - 100 - 500ppb YES
HYDRAZINE 0 -50 -100Pppb YES
CAT.CONDUCTIVITY 0 -1 S/CM YES
SP.CONDUCTIVITY 0 -10 S/CM YES

5.BOILER DRUM pH 6 - 11 YES

(FOR DRUM TYPE) SILICA 0 -500 ppb YES
SP.CONDUCTIVITY 0 - 10 -20 S/CM YES
CAT.CONDUCTIVITY 0 -1 S/CM YES

6.STEAM SP.CONDUCTIVITY 0 - 10 S/CM YES

CAT.CONDUCTIVITY 0 -1 S/CM YES
SODIUM 0 -10 ppB YES
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 THANK YOU

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