BUILDING SERVICES III

( QSM 605 )
 §

§

1. FATHILL HANIFF B. AHMAD TAJUDDIN 2009889178

2. M.IKHWAN B. SAEDON 2008413444

3. NORANIZA BT SAFIEE 2008413452

4. SITI HAWA BT ABD RASHID 2008424238

5. NOR µIZZATI BT MD. ZAINI 2008413436

6. SITI FATIMAH BT MUHAMAD 2009652852

7. NURUL AIN BT MOHD ISA 2009662636

8. ASMA¶ BT MOHD BADRAI 2009427736

9. JUHANA BINTI IDRIS 2009232416

10. NURHAYATI BT ABDULLAH SUHAIMI 2009871856

11. NURUL NADIAH BT ABDUL MALIK 2009674704

CIK NUR HIDAYAH BINTI IDRIS

Ô The process by which fresh air is introduced and
contaminated air is removed from an occupied space.

Ô Ventilation is the circulation of fresh air in an enclosed

space.

Ô For example a room whilst driving out µfour¶ or µstale¶

air from the same space.

Ô Good ventilation is required in an building for health

purposes.
Ventilation is required for one or more of the following
purposes:

a) Provision of outside air for breathing;

b) Control of excess humidity (arising from water vapour in

the indoor air);

c) To provide a continuous supply of oxygen necessary for

human existence.

d) To remove the products of respiration and occupation

To design a ventilation system, the engineer has to meet
two basic requirement :

1) To supply fresh air for the occupants.

2) To change the air in the room sufficiently

: Smells, fumes and contaminants are removed.
: Excess heat
: Food and body odours
: Water vapour and carbon dioxide
Uncontrolled air movement into a home through
cracks, small holes, and vents such as windows and
doors

Ventilation without the assistance of fans or other

mechanical air moving equipment and uses no energy

Used to be the most common ventilation method of

allowing fresh outdoor air to replace indoor air in a
home or the building.
Ô Among the primary types of buildings that can benefit from the
application of natural ventilation are:

bus stations, picnic shelters, and other structures where stringent

space conditioning is not expected,

barracks and other single- and multi-family housing projects,

most small, free-standing structures in warm and temperate

climates, and

maintenance pools, and other high-bay facilities in warm climates

1) The site and local landscaping features

2) The building form and building envelope

design

3) The internal planning and room design.

4) Water features and vegetation

Stack effect is a natural
phenomenon of air
movement driven by the
difference in air density
between the exterior and
the interior of a building. It
is also referred to as the
"chimney effect", and
helps drive natural
ventilation and infiltration.
 The stack-
stack-effect, as briefly mentioned above, is based on the fact
that warmer air rises as cooler air falls. This is due to differing densities;
when air is heated, it becomes less dense, allowing it to rise, pushing cooler
air downwards. Creating an upward air stream, this concept is very
important in the stack-
stack-driven method of ventilation.

u
Natural forces of wind

pressure to create areas
of high and low
pressure around a house
 m
mm m
mm

  
          
    
   
 

   

      
   

  
     


  
  
 
   



   

 
   
 


      
 
 When wind collides with a building, different pressures are observed from
different sides of the building. The side that the wind is blowing into would have a higher
air pressure than the opposite side; this would cause the air on the side with the higher
pressure to flow to an area of lower pressure, which in this case would be the building¶s
interior. Another opening on the low pressure side would allow the interior air to circulate
outwards to the side with the lower air pressure

u
  The wind comes

from the left (high pressure),
flows through the building,
and flows out into the low
pressure area (at the skylight
on the other side of the
building). This combines
wind-driven and stack-driven
ventilation.
 m
mm m
mm

„ Does not require energy „ Lack of control

„ Lower costs „ More difficult to predict, analyze
and design

„ Safety „ Potential for noise intrusion

„ Efficient method of ventilation „ Shares some of the limitations

„ Does not require sophisticated „ Negative pressure in isolation

analytical equipment areas
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u
 3: doo and
w ndow a natal
vnt lat on
Used for applications where natural ventilation is not appropriate.

Employ an electrically fan to provide the necessary air movement

Ensure a specified air change and the air under fan pressure can
be forced through filters

Circulate fresh air using ducts and fans, rather than relying on
airflow through small holes or cracks in a home¶s walls, roof, or
windows.

The m     
  

 
 .
1. Internal rooms

2. Large closely populated rooms usually more than 50 people such as in 


  

3. Where close control of environment is required .
 

4. Where natural ventilation is impossible as windows cannot be opened because of external

atmospheric population or noise especially near to industrial areas.

5. In tall building where wind and stack effects would render natural ventilation impracticable.

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6. Extract ventilation to deal with fumes, smells and odors

7. Heat liberation within the room (i.e. cooking)

8. Moisture liberation within the room (steam) - i.e. bathroom

6. Replacement of air extracted by industrial process

7. High heat or moisture gain from outside

8. To maintain a clean atmosphere or to alleviate noise from outside etc.

 1.Not interfere 2.Operated when
with the building only needed
envelope.

3.Provide
6.Be quiet. needed amount
of air exchange

4.Distribute
5.Not interfere outdoor air
with other where needed.
systems.
 
 
  
  


 
   
   

!
   
  
 he rocess:

Air is blown into the building through

a fan convector or ducted system

he air lea s out of the building through

adventitious o enings and ermanent air
bric s or louvers.
m A single room, perhaps an office, might have an outside air supply
from some form of reversible fan unit

m Can be used for    
      
 

   

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:The system to extract and inlet using the mechanical
equipment.

:Used when a building is to be seated from the external

environment like cinemas, offices, restaurants, department
stores etc.
Supply Fan
Supply Air
ROOM

Return Air
Extract Fan
m The system is the best system amongst the system to create the internal
environment required

m The enclosed space must be sealed for efficiency

m In a foreign country, especially in winter, cold outside air may cause discomfort so
the fresh air is heated.
Oeater battery

Air filter

Supply Fan
Warm Supply
Air

Return Air
Extract Fan
m In most balanced systems, the supply air quantity, which is required, work
out to be much more than needed for fresh air supply to occupant

m It is possible to re-circulate some of the extract some of the extract air back
into the supply duct.

Air filter

Supply Fan Oeater battery

Warm Supply
Air

Supply Air

Return Air
Extract Fan

Damper
1. FAN
2. FILTER
3. DUCTWORK N FIRE DAMPER
4. DIFFUSER
m Devices to move air.
m Sometimes called air pumps or blowers.
m Without fans these are no mechanical ventilation.
m Installed in openings in the walls, in cooker hoods or in an air-conditioning
system (AHU room).
m Type:
 
 m 
   


m Axial fan and centrifugal fan used in heavy duty.

m Propeller fan is found in most of the wall mounted ventilation fan units
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 Streamlined design helps keep
fan housing to minimum depths
for low silhouettes

Variable pitch, field

adjustable impellers
maximize performance,
Sealed ball bearing motor minimize horsepower
provides years dependable, requirements, help reduce
maintenance free operating costs
performance.

T-shaped motor
mounting bases accept
readily obtainable,
Spinner cap improves laminar standard foot-mounted
flow of inlet air motors

Cast aluminum axial flow impellers can¶t

spark and use improved airfoil sections for Fans mount in any position ±
maximum air handling efficiency horizontally, vertically, and
angularly ± in or out of the duct
system

÷ 
 Fast, simple bearing,
belt or pulley changes
Welded housing protects can be accomplished
bearing sand drive from fumes, by one person without
corrosives, caustic special tools

Flanged housings permit quick Belt tension is maintained

fastening to flexible duct and by simple adjustment of
other accessories without motor base height on
special tools or skills threaded support

Streamlined belt drive

fairing keeps friction and
ast aluminum axial flow impellers entrance losses to
minimum
can¶t spark, use improved airfoil
sections for maximum air handling
efficiency

Spinner cap (not shown) improves

laminar flow of inlet air

Variable pitch, field adjustable impellers

maximize performance, minimize horsepower
requirements, help reduce operating costs

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  þ More than 2 blades fixed
at an angle to the hub.
þ A propeller fan comprises
several steel or plastic
blades.
þ An impeller rotating revolves inside þ
the casing shaped like a scroll.
þ The impeller blades can be:
þ forward
þ backward
þ paddle blades
Impellers with blades mounted
and rotating on a motor driven
central shaft, located in a
cylindrical casing to adaptation to
ductwork.

  þ Pressure of only about þ High pressure of up to about 760 þ Efficiencies up to 75 per cent
     125 pa. p.a . þ Pressure up to 700pa.
þ Efficiency les than 40 per þ efficiencies range from 45 to 85
cent. per cent

m   þ Most applied domestically þ Large building þ used in the length of the ductwork
to voids in kitchen, þ basement
bathroom and workshop
wall.

m 
 þ Can remove large þ quiet in operation þ Ease of installation connected to

volumes of air. Installation þ favorable for larger installations flange at either end of the fan.
comparatively easy and
cheap.
þ Move more air and it
quieter.
 
 þ Unsuited to ducted þ More plant room space is needed
system. þ Bulky
þ It required some
maintenance.
m used and design into gas or air flow systems to remove
particulates from the air flow to what is termed as µair
conditioning¶.
m simple technique of removing and preventing air born
particles from clogging heating or cooling fans or radiators
to a small as 0.1 micron which could cause significant
performance degradation in the air flow system as well as
damage the heat exchanger system.
m Improving the occupants¶ breathable environment.

m Protecting facilities like walls, ceiling and equipment from air born particle damage.

m Protecting the contents of occupied building spaces such as items of artistic historic

or cultural value.

m Elimination or minimizing fire hazards

m Improving shelf life of perishable food products by removing airborne mold

m Removing airborne bacteria from controlled environment such operating rooms

m Filtering or removing air born particulates which could damage sensitive micro

electronic device within clean rooms

m Dry filter
m Various filter
m Electrostatic filter
m Activated Carbon filter
m Be produced from paper, fine woven fabrics,
foamed plastics or glass fiber
m Fit into a purpose-made compartment at the air
intake.
m Dry filter normally used in air conditioning, paint
booth, compressor air intake, paint booth and
ventilation systems.
m defined as an air-cleaning filter having a surface coated
with a viscous liquid to trap particulates in the airstream.

m The whole unit is supported on a steel framework.

m extensively used for air conditioning and general

ventilation purposes in high dust concentration(capable of
handling high volume of air)
m Electrostatic air filters contain synthetic fibers that create a
static electric charge to attract particulates.
m This static charge attracts and traps airborne particles into
the filter just like a magnet.
m Reusable filters can be washed with a garden
hose several times before replacing.
m very efficient as it removes up to 95.3% of airborne
particles
m Y
 


m 
 

m Benefit the environment because they are
reusable.

m Remove a high percentage of airborne

particles.

m will last for a long time, and is easy to install

and maintain
m also known by the terms ³activated charcoal´ or ³activated coal

m designed and used for the removal of vapors and odors which
still may be present within the air or gas flow

m has an extremely large surface area for the chemical reactions.

m The reason for a large surface area of carbon filter is to attract

and clean large amount of air which comes into contact with it.
m Compared with air fresheners which are sprayed or mounted
near windows or other areas in the house, activated carbon air
filters are far better and efficient in cleaning the air.

m carbon filters can as the latter works by capturing the gas

molecules which are the cause of foul odors

m A relatively small amount of activated carbon is sufficient in

filtering or cleaning the air of the entire house.
m Fire Dampers are passive fire protection system
designed to close when temperatures rise in order to
stop the spread fire

m u  
 are used to prevent transmission of
flame where air ducts penetrate fire barriers.

m u    is a fire-resistant, vertical or horizontal

assembly of materials designed to restrict the spread of
fire in which openings are protected
m Fire dampers to prevent the spread of fire and/or smoke inside the
ductwork where the ductwork penetrates fire-resistance rated walls and
floors. Fire dampers are installed by inside the ducting.

m When a rise in temperature occurs, a fire damper will close and prevent
the spread of flame through the barrier. Dampers are typically curtain
style that will close (shut) when a fusible link melts.

m u 
 are passive fire protection products used in
1. air conditioning
2. ventilation ductwork
m        
 

Galvanized
Galvaneal or "paint grip"
Aluminum
Stainless Steel
PCD coated

m 
  4" to 100" capabilities
m Designing an Active inflatable duct system is straight forward providing
the following basic rules are adhered to:

m     - ideally 50 to 80

feet (15 - 24 meters) and never longer than 100 feet (30 meters).The
installation ducts up to 150ft but cannot promise for their performance.

m   
 - Avoid unnecessary elbows etc.

m i 

 - Use as few µtee-pieces¶ , µy-pieces¶, splitters
etc. as possible

m  
   - after fans, elbows, etc

m    - To convey air from point to point -
maximum 300ft. (91m)
m    - To distribute air.
m Optimum 50 to 80 feet (15 - 24 meters)
m Maximum 100ft. (30.5m).
m Ducts from 100ft (30.5m). up to 150ft. (45.7m), can
be manufactured, however the lateral temperature
control suffers.
m defined as an air distribution outlet, typically located in the
ceiling, which mixes conditioned air with room air.
m the supply air, consisting of both fresh and re-circulated air, must
reach all occupied areas of the building.
m There are several reasons of applying diffuser:
m To deliver both conditioning and ventilating air.
m Evenly distribute the flow of air, in the desired directions flow
pattern around it.
m producing the minimum amount of noise
m To create low-velocity air movement in the occupied portion of
room
  

  




 
 
m The effect of plume are called coanda and it crated
by restricted air and pressure at the adjacent
surface due to limited access for air to replace the
entrained air above the plume.
m Secondary air into the plume is call entrainment.
m Installation economy and as means of evenly
distributing air, suspended ceiling and raised floor
can be used as plenum chamber
Y

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 1.Btt Indoo A  Qal ty. `.Mo Contol.
improve a room¶s air quality by removing provide proper fresh air flow along with
allergens, pollutants, and moisture that can appropriate locations for intake and exhaust.
cause mold problems.

m
mm

.Impovd Comfot
allow a constant flow of outside air into the
room and can also provide filtration,
dehumidification, and conditioning of the
incoming outside air.
!  
 The airflow rate and distribution can be
controlled precisely during all weather conditions
1.Requirement of a standby 2.Required for maintenance
generator for use during costs of fans, inlets, and
power outages. controls

m
mm

3.Need energy cost to

operate the fans
- electric, solar etc
 uu mm
m mm
m

   Suitable for warm and temperate Suitable for all climates and weather with
climates mean moderately useful air-conditioning as climate dictates.
with natural ventilation possible
50% of the time.

 Capital costs for a naturally Expensive because of the higher cost for
ventilated building 10±15% operable windows and interlocking controls
lower than air-conditioned for the HVAC system.
equivalents

  Lower capital, operational and More controlled and comfortable

maintenance costs for simple environment.
natural ventilation.

      The maintenance cost of simple Installation and maintenance costs for the

    natural ventilation systems can operation of a mechanical ventilation system

be low. may be very high.
 uu mm
m

 Natural ventilation is a system where
the air is moved through ventilation
openings by natural forces such as
wind pressure and stack effect
mm
m
Mechanical ventilation system extracts
the air from the ventilation space with
ducts and fans.

            The mechanical ventilation system will

 
   often be controlled by indoor air quality
It for achieving acceptable indoor air requirements and in situations
quality is essentially based on the requiring mechanical cooling dictated
supply of fresh air to a space and by the in door air temperature.
dilution of the indoor pollution
concentration

 
 
    
Human thermal comfort is defined as
the conditions in which a person would
prefer either warmer or cooler
surroundings
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Ventilation cycle to UGaleri Inovasi & Kreativiti

Flow of the air ventilation:

1. Water tank supply the water to the chiller .

2. Chiller will compact it into the cold water and supply to the blower
which is located at AHU room.
3. Blower will transform the cold water into the fresh air and supply
to the room.
4. The air distributed by the diffuser equally through the ductwork.
5. Surrounding air will extract by the diffuser from the room to send
back to the AHU room.
6. The filter in the AHU room filtrating the air that extracted from the
room.
7. The air will be re-using together with the fresh air from the blower.
 DUCTWORK AND FIRE DAMPER

DIFFU ER
INLET FROM CHILLER
uILTER

INSIDE uILTER (COLD WATER uROM CHILLER


 




m Unbalanced of air distribution in diffuser into
the room when renovation.

m Need maintenance consistently.

m Ventilation is importance to human for breathing comfortably in doing their daily life activity.
Whether by natural or mechanical ventilation, it is suitable depending on the situation and
location for the ventilation.

m Natural ventilation can be a key element of cooling strategies in many climates. In its
simplest version is opening windows and doors, to benefit from breezes. But when in cross
and stack problem, natural ventilation can be part of a more elaborate approach for cooling
homes, involving features like home design, landscape, placement and size of openings and
others. In this situation, mechanical ventilation is the best solution for this situation by
applying one of the methods in mechanical ventilation

m      is the best application for - high rise building, commercial building
and any enclosed area as it can distribute fresh air

m      is the best solution for - saving the energy and good application for
green building but it loses much of its power in cold climates or even in hot-humid climates