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Chapter 3 - Physical Treatment Processes of Industrial Waste-1
Chapter 3 - Physical Treatment Processes of Industrial Waste-1
Equalization Basin
Biological Treatment
SECONDARY PROCESS
Secondary Settling
Advance
Wastewater Treatment TERTIARY PROCESS
e.g: Depth Filter, Membrane filter, adsorption,
Ion exchange, gas stripping etc
Retain solid found in influent WW to the treatment plant
light role
Principle
Coarse screen Remove coarse materials (e.g.
sticks, rags, etc) from the flow stream that could :
The
light flow passes through the screen and the large solids
are trapped on the bars for removal.
Bar Screen/
Bar Rack
Grit chamberlight
are provided to
The solids are cut up into a smaller, more uniform size of for
return to the flow stream for subsequent removal.
Design consideration:
may be preceded by grit chambers to prolong life
Constructed with bypass arrangement
Macerators
To minimize fluctuations in WW characteristics in order to provide
optimum conditions for subsequence process
To provide adequate dampening of organic fluctuations in order to
prevent shock loading to biological system
Provide adequate pH control
Provide cont. feed to biological system
Provide capacity for controlled discharge
To prevent high conc. of toxic materials from entering the biological
treatment plants.
Q Q
t t
Bar Screen / Effluent
Grit Removal Equalization Primary for further
communitor Basin Treatment treatment
In-line arrangement:
all of the flow passes through the equalization basin
Can be used to achieve considerable amount of constituent conc. and
flowrate damping.
Off-line arrangement:
Only flow above predetermined flow limit is diverted to equalization basin
Used to capture first flush from combined collection system
( primary & secondary process handle MOST of the NON-TOXIC wastewater)
Objectives:
Prepare WW for biological treatment (stabilize organic)
Remove + 60% SS and 35% BOD5 in sewage
Important because the reduction of the suspended solids and BOD5
1)lowers the O2 demand,
2)decreases the rate of energy consumption and
3)Reduces operational problem with downstream biological treatment
4)remove scum (grease, oil, plastics, and other floatable materials)
and inert particulate matter which are not removed in grit chamber
Devices/structures:
Activated sludge, extended aeration, rotating biological contacting
(RBC), trickling filter, aerated lagoons, sequencing batch reactor etc
Biological degradation of soluble organics.
Mostly aerobically in an open aerated vessels @ lagoon
Speed up natural processes of breaking down biodegradable
organics
Cannot remove N, P, heavy metals, pathogens, bacteria and viruses.
After treatment, microorganism and other carried over solids are
allowed to settle.
A fraction of sludge is recycle
Excess sludge along with sediment solids has to be disposed off.
Objectives:
Nutrients removal, chlorination and dechlorination
Process added after biological treatment in order to remove specific
group/ types of residual
Can remove + 95% BOD5, P, SS, bacteria and N
Devices/structures:
Filtration removes SS
Granular Activated Carbon removes organics
Chemical oxidation removes oxidizable organics
a) Activated sludge
b) Extended aeration
c) Rotating biological contacting (RBC)
d) Trickling filter
e) Aerated lagoons
f) Sequencing batch reactor (SBR)
g) Granular activated carbon
Depends on the degree of treatment required to
Selection of bring the quality of raw wastewater to a
of organic matter or by substance added to the WW.
treatment permissible level of treated wastewater
process (eg. Effluent from the treatment plant)
Other significant factor that will influence the selection of a treatment system
The flow rate units:m3/day or m3/s or MLD (million Litres per Day)
Normally a treatment plant is designed on the daily average flow basis which
is known as plant capacity.
Example: 1 MLD (Million Litres per Day) plant means = the plant designed for
1 ML daily average flow of WW
The mass pollution load is defined as flow rate &
of organic matter or by substance added to the WW.
strength of WW & is expressed as load per unit time
Q i
Where ,
Removal light
of SS from WW
Types of particles
Flocculant particles
Size & velocity fluctuates during the settling
Common operation & found almost in WWT plant
Gravitational force,
Fg (p w )gVp
C d A p w p 2
Fd
2
Refer page 363 in text book
In the design of sedimentation basin, the settling velocities
of the particles MUST be KNOWN.
Q
vc
A
Where,
vc = particle settling velocity
Q = flowrate of WW
A = surface of sedimentation tank
Idealized discrete particles settling in 3 different type of basins
Outlet zone
Inlet zone
Outlet zone
Inlet zone
Outlet zone
Inlet zone
Settling Settling
zone zone
Sludge zone
Sludge zone
UPFLOW BASIN
Outlet zone
Inlet zone
Settling
zone
Circular Basin
Rectangular Basin
Classification of particles settling
Type 1 Type 3
Discrete Zone
Type 2
Flocculant
Particles DOES NOT change in size, shape & density during the settling
process
Occurs during:
Grit Chamber
Flocculate during sedimentation
Occurs during:
water
Solid settle
Occurs during:
Sludge thickeners
High of
B
B sludge liq
Transition B interface
A
Compression
A zone
Transition
A
Settling
C C D
Zone
Zone
Dense
Zone
D D solid
Settling properties of
flocculated sludge
Initially, all the sludge is at uniform concentration A
A settling proceeds, the collapsed solid on the bottom of the settling unit (D) build up at
constant rate.
Through the transition zone C, the settling velocity will decrease due to the increasing
density & viscosity of the suspension surrounding the particles.
When the rising layer of settle solid reaches the interface, a compression zone occur.
The following design criteria are generally assumed to design a Primary
Settling Tank / Sedimentation
A) GENERAL
Clarifiers
Tank depth at the side wall Overflow rate (surface loading rate)
Detention time Scour velocity
Definition: The average daily flow rate divided by
the surface area of the tank.
Clarifiers
Average daily flowrate
overflow rate @
(m3/day)
surface settling rate
(m3/m2d)
Q
OR
A
V
td
Q
horizontal velocity through the tank to avoid
Scour Velocity resuspension of settled particles
1/ 2
8k ( s 1) gd
VH
f
Where:
VH = horizontal velocity that will just produce scour (m/s)
k = cohesion constant that depends on type of material being
scoured (unitless)
s=specific gravity of particles
g=acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2)
d=diameter of particles
f=Darcy-Weisbach friction factor (unitless)
of organic
Used matter
for the or byofsubstance
removal added
lighter SS, oil &togrease.
the WW.
Effluent is not
Dispersed-Air Vacuum Dissolved-Air Effluent is recycled
flotation flotation flotation recirculation
WW is first saturated
air bubbles are formed by with air either directly in Flotation is achieved first
introducing the air in the the aeration tank or by by dissolving the air in
form of gas phase directly introducing air at the pump the WW or in a portion of
into the liquid phase either side (at Patm) treated effluent (liquid)
by a revolving impeller or Then partial vacuum is under high pressure in
through air diffusers at the applied. This results in the pressurizing or
atm pressure. generation of small air retention tank and then
bubbles which attached reducing the pressure of
themselves to the particles the WW through a
and make them rise, pressure-reducing valve
forming a scum blanket. to atmospheric level
Typically a cylindrical during feeding it to the
tank maintain under flotation tank to form the
vacuum is applied and rising air bubbles.
continuously fed with WW
Systems based on recirculation of effluent
A predetermine fraction of effluent from Wastewater influent is first retained for some
the flotation unit is taken to the time in the pressure tank where pressure of
pressurized tank where it is pressurized, wastewater is increased to as high as 275-
and the air is dissolved below the 350kPa and air is dissolved in it.
saturation level.
Then the flow is fed to the flotation unit
The flow is then mixed with the influent through a pipeline having a pressure-
entering the flotation unit through a reducing valve.
pressure-reducing valve so that air
bubbles come out from the recycled flow As the pressure is released from
and get attached with the particles of wastewater, the dissolved air comes out of
incoming raw wastewater that are to be the solution as fine bubbles which are used
removed by flotation. for particle separation by flotation.
Dispersed-Air Flotation
Dissolved-Air Flotation (no recycle)
A 1.3sa ( fP 1) R A 1.3sa ( fP 1)
S SaQ S Sa
Where,
A = volume of air (ml) f = fraction of air dissolved at pressure P (atm)
S = mass of solids (mg) P = operating pressure (atm)
1.3 = weight of 1ml of air (mg) Sa = influent suspended solids or sludge solids
sa = solubility of air in (ml/L) (mg/L)
(temp depended funct) R = pressurized recycled flow (m3/d)
Q = mixed liquor flow (m3/d)
Refer page 422-423
Typical Design
Criteria
when flocculants
are used
20 60 cm/min
Employ for the removal of SS, following coagulation in
physical-chemical treatment or as tertiary treatment
following the biological WW treatment process
Headloss through the filter & Note: Headloss is the reduction of total head
accesories or pressure drop of a liquid as it moves through
a system.
The filter run terminates when:
Filtration
Filtration rate will effect :
The head loss through the filter can be described by DArchys Law
Where,
hf V = superficial approach velocity (ft/min).
V Kp Kp = coefficient of permeability (ft/min). This will change with time
L hf = frictional head loss (ft)
L = depth of filter (ft).
Material Shape Relative Porosity Effective
Density (%) Size (mm)
Silica sand Rounded 2.65 42 0.4-1.0
Silica sand Angular 2.65 53 0.4-1.0
Ottawa Spherical 2.65 40 0.4-1.0
sand
Silica Rounded 2.65 40 1.0-5.0
gravel
anthracite Angular 1.5-1.7 55 0.4-1.4
garnet angular 3.1-4.3 46 0.2-0.4
The selection of medium filters is depends on the type of filter and operation.
See example in Table 11-6, 11-8, 11-9
Use to separate dissolved and colloidal constituents from WW
concentration pressure
gradient
Membrane electrical potential
Process
The size of the opening in the membrane are a major
determinant of species that can pass because the opening
present a physical barrier to any substances that are larger
than openings.
Permeate Retentate
The liquid passing through The fraction not passing
the membrane through the membrane.
Membrane process classification
(Refer Table 11-17 in textbook)
separation
membranes material mechanism
Thickness=0.2- MF, UF = straining
0.25m,supported by NF = straining &
porous substrate diffusion
Flat sheets,fine hollow RO= diffusion
fiber,or tubular form
For WW size of separation
treatment,typically organic
membrane. Macropores= >50 nm
E.g:polypropylene, Mesopores=2-50 nm
cellulose acetate, aromatic Micropores= <2 nm
polyamides and TFC For RO = very fine
pores, known as dense
nature of driving force
Hydrostatic pressure difference (MF, UF, NF, RO)
concentration difference (dialysis)
Membrane Operation in MF and UF:
Cross flow Direct feed or dead-end
2 types: a) without reservoir
b) with reservoir No cross flow
All water applied to
Feed water is pumped with cross membrane passes
flow tangential to the membrane. through the membrane
Water that does not pass through
the membrane is recirculated after
blending with additional feed water
Cross flow with resorvoir-water
that does not pass through
membrane is recirculated to
storage tank.
Qp
Fw k w (Pa )
A
Where,
Fw = flux of water (mass/area.time)
A= area of the membrane
kw = water mass transfer coefficient
Pa = average imposed pressure gradient
=osmotic pressure gradient
Qp = permeate stream flow
The flux of solute depends on the concentration gradient
and resistance parameter. Q C p p
Fi k i Ci
Where,
A
Fi= flux of solute, kg/m2s
ki = solute mass transfer coefficient, m/s
Ci = solute concentration gradient, kg/m3
Cp = conc of solute in the permeate,kg/m3
Qp = permeate stream flow, m3/s
Membrane A = membrane area, m2
Process
Measurement of the ability
Rate of Rejection = of membrane to reject the
passage of a species i,