Types of Roofs

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 A roof must have the following qualities:

A roof must be weather resistant to rain, snow, wind and sun.

The durability of a roof should be equal to or in excess of those materials used in
the remainder of the building.
A roof should have good thermal insulation properties.
A roof should require a minimum of maintenance.
A roof should be constructed in such a way as to retain structural stability when
dead and imposed loads are applied to it ( dead loads is the weight of materials
used to make the roof, imposed loads are loads created by wind, snow, etc.
 Roof Elements
When designing a roof the following points should be considered in relation to its
final appearance.
Pitch
The steeper the pitch the greater the roof area visible. This will result in a larger roof
space, you can also use smaller cladding units such as plain tiles and slates. Pitched
roofs are the most suitable in countries where there is a high rain fall.
Coverings
Materials used for roof coverings should harmonise with the local surroundings. These
materials
should be fit for purpose in their
ability to keep out the elements,
thermal insulation, durability and Valley
appearance. Ridge
Rafter Hipped
Verge End
Jack
Common Hip Rafters
Rafters
Eaves
Gable
End Lean-to
Flat Roof
Roof
 Roof parts

Ridge Dormer window Barge board

Gutter
chimney

Down pipe
Eaves detail Door
Wall plate
Usually 100 x 50 mm softwood timbers are fixed to the Soffit
top of load bearing walls to distribute loads and
provide fixings for roof timbers. A horizontal board fixed to the
Ceiling joist underside of the rafter outside
These are timbers which provide a support for fixing the building.
ceiling Bargeboard
finishes and act as a collar to prevent rafters
spreading. Verge or gable board.
Common rafters Eaves
These are inclined timbers fixed between wall plate The lower part of the roof, which
and ridge which transmit live and dead loads to usually includes the end of
wall plate.
Ridge the rafter, ceiling joist, soffit, fascia
The ridge is a horizontal board set on edge to which and gutter.
the Dormer
rafters are attached (not required on trussed rafters). A vertical window coming through a
Hip Rafter sloping roof.
A hip rafter is a rafter running from the wall plate to the Valley
ridge
This is the name for the intersection
which forms the external angle of the sloping side of a between two sloping surfaces,
roof.
forming an internal angle ( the
Purlin opposite to a hip).
This is a horizontal roof member supporting the rafters Fascia
and
A board fixed vertically to rafter ends,
usually at right angles to these. This enables small section which provide an additional fixing
timbers to be used for the rafters. for gutters.
Hangers
These are timbers hanging from the purlins to the ceiling
joist
to give additional support to binders.
 Pitched roof
If the roof space is or may
be intended to be used in
the future, the structure
should be designed
accordingly.

Roof with a gable end

PITCHED ROOF: TIMBER - truss
STEEL - truss

Truss fabricated from factory

steel
Truss built as from
individual members

Whole roof structure built from

steel

Gang nails

Truss fabricated from factory

 Pitched roof with
dormer windows
A pitched roof with dormer Timber to support the dormer
windows. window

Lay
When a steep pitched roof is used in board
domestic construction dormer windows
can be used to create additional head
room in the roof space. This allows the Common
roof space to be utilised for habitable Rafter
rooms.
A mono-pitched roof structure
A pitched roof

columns

A lean-to roof structure

wall
walls
column
Eaves detail pitched
roof
 Flat roof
Slope 0-10
Structural decks ordinary used
Wood panels over wood joist
Solid wood decking over heavy timber framing
Corrugated steel decking
Sitecast concrete slab
Precast concrete slab
Panels of wood fibre bonded together with
portland cement etc

Water pool formed due to

poor workmanship
Gable Roof
Hip Roof
Gambrel Roof
Mansard Roof
Shed Roof
Flat Roof
 HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID
PARASOL ROOFING
ROOFING

FREE FORM ROOFING

HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID
ROOFING
3. Space frame

A space frame or space structure is a truss-like,

lightweight rigid structure constructed from
interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space
frames usually utilize a multidirectional span,
and are often used to accomplish long spans
with few supports. They derive their strength
from the inherent rigidity of the triangular frame;
flexing loads (bending moments) are
transmitted as tension and compression loads
along the length of each strut.
Dome
Dome
4. ROOF SHELL
5. FOLDED PLATE ROOF
6. MEMBRANE
6. MEMBRANE