ELECTRICITY

Terminologies:
Electric Potential Difference or Voltage, Vab the work
needed to move a unit charge from one point to another
W a b U a U b
Va Vb Vab
qo qo
Current, I the rate of flow of charge.
dq C
I or Ampere, A
dt s

Resistance, R in simple terms, its the ability to resist the

flow of charge particles through a conductor.
L where:
R Resistivity (ohm-m or -m)
A
L length of the conductor (m)
RT R0 1 T A cross-sectional area (m2)
T temperature (oC)
ELECTRICITY
Ohms Law
The ratio between voltage and current passing through a
conductor is equal to the conductors resistance.
Vab
R or Va b IR
I
I

Electromotive force, an energy-

per-unit charge quantity that
makes current flow from lower to
higher potential. It provides
nonelectrostatic force, Fn, equal in
magnitude but opposite direction
as the electrostatic force, Fe, to
prevent charged particles from
moving to the other terminal and
depletes the electric potential
difference.
ELECTRICITY
When the source of emf is not
connected to an external
circuit or when there is no
flow of current,
= Vab = IR
But When the source of emf is
connected to an external
circuit or when there is a flow
of current,
Vab = Ir = IR
Internal Resistance, r Symbols
resistance encountered by a
charge moving through the
source.
Power, P work done per unit time
Wab Vabq0
P IVab Watts, W
t t
ELECTRICITY
Series Circuit

I1 I2 I3

IT
VT

IT = I1 = I2 = I3 = = In = I

VT = Vab = Vax + Vxy + Vyb + + Vn

Vab = IReq ; Vax = IR1 ; Vxy = IR2 ; Vyb = IR1
IReq = IR1 + IR2 + IR1 + + IRn
IReq = I (R1 + R2 + R1 + + Rn)
Req = R1 + R2 + R1 + + Rn
ELECTRICITY
Parallel Circuit
Vab Vab Vab
I1 I2 I3
R1 R2 R3
1 1 1
I T I 1 I 2 I 3 Vab
I1 1
R R2 R3

IT 1 1 1

I2 Vab R1 R2 R3
IT
Vab IT 1
from Req ;
IT Vab Req
I3
1 1 1 1
so
Req R1 R2 R3
IT V 1
T 1 1 1
or Req
R1 R2 R3
KIRCHHOFFS RULES
Terminologies:
a b c

f e d
Junction a point in the circuit where three or more conductors
meet.
Branch a conducting path that connects two junctions.
Branch Current, I current passing across branch.
Loop any closed conducting path.
KIRCHHOFFS RULES

To apply junction rule; assume branch current directions and

assign a sign convention on currents entering and leaving a
junction.
Example is to let all branch currents entering a junction positive;
otherwise, negative.

To apply loop rule; assume a loop direction (either clockwise or

counterclockwise) and apply the sign convention for the loop rule.
KIRCHHOFFS RULES

a I1 b I3 c
I2

I2
f I1 e I3 d

Sign Convention for emfs Sign Convention for resistors