CONTENT

DEFINITION
TYPES OF DROUGHT
CAUSES OF DROUGHT
DROUGHT CONTINGENCY PLANNING
AUGMENTATION OF WATER
MEASURES FOR WATER CONSERVATION
WATER HARVESTING
 DROUGHT

A drought is a period of below-average precipitation in a given region, resulting

in prolonged shortages in the water supply, whether atmospheric, surface
water or ground water.
Or its a shortage of water for an unusual long period of time.
 TYPES OF DROUGHT

It has basically four types:

1. Meteorological Drought
2. Agricultural Drought
3. Hydrological Drought
4. Socioeconomic Drought
i. METEOROLOGICAL DROUGHT

It deacribes A situation where there is a reduction in rainfall below a specific

amount for specific period (days, months, year).
On an average India receives 118 cm annual rainfall which is considered to be
highest anywhere in the world for the country of comparable size.

But the uncertain, unreliable & erratic nature of rainfall by south-west monsoon
create a Drought condition in different parts of country.
ii. HYDROLOGICAL DROUGHT

Hydrological drought is associated with reduction of water.

There are two type :-
Surface water Drought
o It is concerned with drying up of surface water resources such as rivers, streams, lakes,
ponds, tanks, reservoirs etc etc
Ground water Drought
o It is associated with the fall in the ground water table.
iii. AGRICULTURAL DROUGHT

Agricultural drought are droughts that affect crop production or the ecology of
the rang.
Agricultural drought links various characteristics of Meterological drought,
Hydrological drought to agricultural impacts.

Focus on
Precipitation shortage
Difference between actual & potential Evapor ation
Soil water deficits
Reduce Ground water/reservoirs levels
iv. SOCIOECONOMIC DROUGHT

When the supply of some Goods & Services such as water and
Electricity are Weather dependent then Drought may cause
shortages in supply of these economic goods.
 CAUSES OF DROUGHT

o Precipitation deficiency
o Dry season
o Mountains

Mountains can prevent wind from blowing moisture to needy regions.

Mountain
Area affected by Drought
Rainy area
o Erosion & Human Activities

Human activities can directly trigger exacerbating factors such as..

Over farming
Excessive irrigation
Deforestation

Erosion adversely imopacts..

The ability of the land to capture & hold the water.
o Climatic Changes

Drought occur because water vapor is not brought by air current to the right
areas at the right time.

Instead of blowing air from south to north, they blow east to west . when that
happen, the water vapor does not leave the Indian ocean and many people
suffer from the resulting drought.
o Global warmings

It will result in increased world rainfall along with drought in some areas,
flooding & erosion will increase in others
 DROUGHT CONTINGENCY PLANNING
Drought contingency planning is provided to do the following jobs:

To provide contingency plans to manage drought and emergency conditions.

To continue to deliver a cost effective, adequate, safe and reliable supply of water.
To provide of credit or cash/food for work
Maintaining water supply for animals and humans
Maintaining cereal availability
Human and livestock health service provision
Support for private sector
Provide fodder for drought affected stock
Flexible taxation systems for affected people
Drought Contingency Planning

Drought Contingency planning implement three kinds of implementation:

1. Mitigation-to minimize the impact of drought
2. Relief-for poor people effected by drought
3. Rehabilitation- to rehabilitee after drought occurrence
Drought planning for drought mitigation , relief and rehabilitation
include:

Overall drought policy, setting out plans objectives of minimizing the impact of
drought
Set plans for specific mitigation, relief and rehabilitation measures.
Construction of dams and additional reservoirs for supply of water.
Cloud seeding- artificial technique to induce rainfall.
Desalination of sea water for irrigation or consumption.
 Drought monitoring by continuous observation total rainfall levels and total
usage levels
Land use by carefully planned crop rotation to minimize erosion of soil
Outdoor water use restriction-using sprinklers, hoses
Rainwater harvesting
Recycled water
Relief works
Disease prevention and control
Augmentation of Water
Augmentation of water introduce some new methods to introduce new supply
of fresh water and techniques to increase the utility of available supplies of
water by conservation or regulation.
1. Weather modification
Increase precipitation by cloud seeding
Decrease evapotranspiration by covering the surface
2. Desalting of seawater( Its costly and need a very large source of power plants)
3. Agricultural water requirements can be reduced by reducing conveyance losses, and discouraging
wasteful irrigation techniques.
4. Evaporation losses from small reservoirs can be reduced by providing roofs.
5. By removing native vegetation and measure to reduce evapotranspiration by crops
6. Reclamation and reuse of waste water can be encouraged by building Waste Water Treatment plant.
7. Infiltration losses can be reduced by sealing the soil surface with chemicals or asphalt.
8. Water harvesting technique
 MEASURES FOR WATER CONSERVATION
A step to conserve water is the step to secure the future.
The goals of water conservation is:
SUSTAINABILITY To ensure availability for future generations
ENERGY CONSERVATION Because water pumping, delivery and waster water treatment
needs energy.
HABITAT CONSERVATION Water saving, helps to preserve fresh water for wildlife, plants and
so on.
WATER CONSERVATION MEASURES

1. DOMESTIC CONSERVATION

2. INDUSTRIAL CONSERVATION

3. AGRICULTURAL CONSERVATION
DOMESTIC CONSERVATION
Repair all leaks quickly
Turn off water when not in use
Use conserving appliance which use
low volume water for domestic use
Local bodies should install water meter
and encourage water pricing.
Only flush the toilet when needed
INDUSTRIAL CONSERVATION

Use cooling system which use less water.

Reuse of cooling water for irrigation or
other purposes.
Install Plant treatment measures for treating
the waste water or effluent.
 AGRICULTURAL (IRRIGATION) CONSERVATION

Use improved irrigation methods such as sprinklers or drip

irrigation.

Water required for agricultural considerably reduced by

reducing conveyance loss and wasteful irrigation practices.

Use of lined canals which reduce seepage and evaporation.

Price agricultural water to encourage conservation.

Evaporation losses from small reservoirs can be reduced

by providing roofs over them.
Rain Water Harvesting

Its a process of collecting, conveying and storing rainfall water.

Advantageous of Rain Water Harvesting:

1. Water For Domestic Use
2. Water For Industrial Use
3. Cost Effective
4. Irrigation
5. Prevents soil erosion and flooding
 Rain Water Harvesting Techniques

1. Surface Runoff Harvesting

2. Roof top Rain Water Harvesting

 ROOF TOP RAIN WATER HARVESTING

Rainwater captured from roof catchments and stored in sub surface ground water reservoir.
Objective :- To make water available for future use.
Useful in dry land, hilly, urban and costal areas.
o COMPONENTS OF ROOF TOP RAINWATER HARVESTING

1) A Collection Area
2) A Conveyance System
3) Storage Facility
4) A Delivery System

Storage reservoir expensive part, careful design and construction required.

First rainwater should be flushed or diverted.
 SURFACE RUNOFF HARVESTING

Surface runoff harvesting is traditional technique.

Small dams, ponds, tanks are used.

Used for irrigation, domestic, livestock use.

SMALL DAMS

Small dams/check dams constructed in natural channel to impound the runoff water up to certain
depth.

Impounded water slowly infiltrate into soil and recharge ground water.
PONDS AND RESERVOIRS

Impounding type and dug-cut type ponds constructed.

Impounding :- a retaining wall or dam is constructed to block the flow of water in a natural storm.
Dug-cut :- area is excavated to store the runoff.
Reservoirs requires water storage area, spillways and earth embankment.
STORAGE TANK

Surface or above ground tank

Subsurface or underground tank

Storage tanks require

Solid secure cover
Coarse inlet filter
Overflow pipe
Manhole, sump and drain to facilitate cleaning
Outlet system, tap or pump
 RECHARGE TO GROUND WATER

Pits Trenches
 Dug well & Hand Pump Recharge Well
 RUNOFF ENHANCEMENT

Can Be Done By Increase Precipitation.

Seeding Generally Done To Increase Precipitation.
Precipitation Can Be Increased By 10% By Cloud Seeding.
Lumb Demonstrated That Increase In Annual Runoff (R) Due To Small Increase In Precipitation
(P) Is Given By
R= P (0.29+1.2 R/P)
where, R= Mean Runoff
P= Mean Precipitation
 METHODS FOR RUNOFF ENHANCEMENT

Cloud Seeding

Enhancement By Paved Surfaces.

Surface Of Drainage Basin Effect On Runoff. Bare Surface Give MoreRunoff.

Drainage Basin Located On Windward Side Of Mountain Produce More Runoff.

 Runoff Affected By Geology Of Drainage Basin. Pervious Soil Yield Less Runoff.

Drainage Basin Has Larger No Of Natural Depressions, Which Deposited By Other Material Then
Runoff At Basin Increases.

More Human Activity, More Load On Soil, Reduce Infiltration, Hence Increase Runoff.
 REFERENCE

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