Exergy

A Measure of Work Potential

Exergy

Property
Availability or available work
Work = f(initial state, process path, final state)
Exergy

Dead State
When system is in thermodynamic
equilibrium with the environment
Same temperature and pressure as
surroundings, no kinetic or potential
energy, chemically inert, no unbalanced
electrical, magnetic, etc effects
Exergy

Exergy
Useful work
Upper limit on the amount of work a
device can deliver without violating any
thermodynamic law.
(always a difference between exergy and
actual work delivered by a device)
Exergy associated with Kinetic and
Potential Energy

Kinetic energy
Form of mechanical energy
Can be converted to work entirely
xke = ke = vel2 /2 (kJ/kg)
Exergy associated with Kinetic and
Potential Energy

Potential Energy
Form of mechanical energy
Can be converted entirely into work
xpe = pe = gz (kJ/kg)

All ke and pe available for work

Reversible Work and Irreversibility

Exergy
Work potential for deferent systems
System operating between high temp and
dead state
Isentropic efficiencies
Exit conditions differ
Reversible Work and Irreversibility

Reversible Work
Irreversibility (exergy destruction)
Surroundings Work
Work done against the surroundings
For moveable boundary
Wsurr = P0(V2 V1)
Wuseful = W Wsurr = W - P0(V2 V1)
Reversible Work and Irreversibility

Reversible Work, Wrev

Max amount of useful work produced
Min amount of work that needs to be
supplied
between initial and final states of a process
Occurs when process is totally reversible
If final state is dead state = exergy
Reversible Work and Irreversibility

Difference between reversible work

and useful work is called irreversibility
Wrev Wuseful = I
Irreversibility is equal to the exergy
destroyed
Totally reversible process, I = 0
I, a positive quantity for actual,
irreversible processes
2nd Law Efficiency

Second Law Efficiency, II

Ratio of thermal efficiency and
reversible (maximum) thermal
efficiency
II = th/th, rev
Or II = Wu/Wrev
Can not exceed 100%
2nd Law Efficiency

For work consuming devices

For II = Wrev/Wu
In terms of COP
II = COP/COPrev
General definition
= exergy recovered/exergy supplied
= 1 exergy destroyed/exergy supplied
Exergy change of a system

Property
Work potential in specific environment
Max amount of useful work when
brought into equilibrium with
environment
Depends on state of system and state
of the environment
Exergy change of a system

Look at thermo-mechanical exergy

Leave out chemical & mixing
Not address ke and pe
Exergy of fixed mass

Non-flow, closed system

Internal energy, u
Sensible, latent, nuclear, chemical
Look at only sensible & latent energy
Can be transferred across boundary
only when temperature difference
exists
Exergy of fixed mass

2nd law: not all heat can be turned into

work
Work potential of internal energy is
less than the value of internal energy
Wuseful= (U-U0)+P0(V V0)T0(S S0)
X = (U-U0)+P0(V V0)T0(S S0)
+mVel2+mgz
Exergy of fixed mass

= (u-u0)+P0(v-v0)-T0(s-s0)+Vel2+gz
or = (e-e0)+P0(v-v0)-T0(s-s0)
Note that = 0 at dead state
For closes system
X = m(2-1) = (E2-E1)+P0(V2-V1)-T0(S2-
S1)+m(Vel22-Vel12)+mg(z2-z1)
= (2-1) = (e2-e1)+P0(v2-v1)-T0(s2-s1) for a
stationary system the ke & pe terms drop out.
Exergy of fixed mass

When properties are not uniform, exergy

can be determined by integration:

X m dV
V
Exergy of fixed mass

If the state of system or the state of the

environment do not change, the exergy
does not change
Exergy change of steady flow devices,
nozzles, compressors, turbines, pumps,
heat exchangers; is zero during steady
operation.
Exergy of a closed system is either positive
or zero
Exergy of a flow stream

Flow Exergy
Energy needed to maintain flow in pipe
wflow = Pv where v is specific volume
Exergy of flow work = exergy of boundary
work in excess of work done against
atom pressure (P0) to displace it by a
volume v, so
x = Pv-P0v = (P-P0)v
Exergy of a flow stream

Giving the flow exergy the symbol

Flow exergy
=(h-h0)-T0(s-s0)+Vel2+gz
Change in flow exergy from state 1 to
state 2 is = (h2-h1)-T0(s2-s1)+
(Vel22 Vel12) +g(z2-z1)
Fig 7-23
Exergy transfer by heat, work, and
mass

Like energy, can be transferred in

three forms
Heat
Work

Mass

Recognized at system boundary

With closed system, only heat & work
Exergy transfer by heat, work, and
mass

By heat transfer:
Fig 7-26
Xheat =(1-T0/T)Q
When T not constant, then
Xheat =(1-T0/T)Q
Fig 7-27
Heat transfer Q at a location at temperature
T is always accompanied by an entropy
transfer in the amount of Q/T, and exergy
transfer in the amount of (1-T0/T)Q
Exergy transfer by heat, work, and
mass

Exergy transfer by work

Xwork = W Wsurr (for boundary work)
Xwork = W (for all other forms of work)
Where Wwork = P0(V2-V1)
Exergy transfer by heat, work, and
mass

Exergy transfer by mass

Mass contains exergy as well as energy
and entropy
X=m =m[(h-h0)-T0(s-s0)+Vel2+gz]
When properties change during a process
then
Vel dA
X
mass Ac
n c

X mass
m X massdt
t
Exergy transfer by heat, work, and
mass

For adiabatic systems, Xheat = 0

For closed systems, Xmass = 0
For isolated systems, no heat, work, or
mass transfer, Xtotal = 0
Decrease of Exergy Principle

Conservation of Energy principle:

energy can neither be created nor
destroyed (1st law)
Increase of Entropy principle: entropy
can be created but not destroyed (2nd
law)
Decrease of Exergy Principle

Another statement of the 2nd Law of

Thermodynamics is the Decrease of
Exergy Principle
Fig 7-30
For an isolated system
Energy balance Ein Eout = Esystem
0 = E2 E1
Entropy balance Sin Sout +Sgen =Ssystem
Sgen =S2 S1
Decrease of Exergy Principle

Working with 0 = E2 E1 and

Sgen= S2 S1
Multiply second and subtract from first
-T0Sgen = E2 E1 -T0(S2 S1)
Use
X2X1 =(E2-E1)+P0(V2-V1)-T0(S2-S1)
since V1 = V2 the P term =0
Decrease of Exergy Principle

Combining we get
-T0Sgen= (X2X1) 0
Since T is the absolute temperature of
the environment T>0, Sgen 0, so
T0Sgen0 so
Xisolated = (X2X1)isolated 0
Decrease of Exergy Principle

The decrease in Exergy principle is for

an isolated system during a process
exergy will at best remain constant
(ideal, reversible case) or decrease. It
will never increase.
For an isolated system, the decrease
in exergy equals the energy destroyed