Physics 211: Lecture 28

Today’s Agenda: Fluids

 Description of Fluids at Rest

 Pressure vs Depth

 Archimedes’ Principle: objects in a fluid

 Will it float

 Pascal’s Principle: hydraulic forces

 Using hydraulics to make your life easier
 Like how a lever works

 Review Lecture Wed – usual time, usual place

Physics 211: Lecture 28, Pg 1

 The Final Exam
 It will be ~50 questions and 3 hours long

 On average, comparable to mid-term questions.

 Definitely not as easy as “practice final”
 Use your mid-term exams to diagnose some of what you
should study
 Use other practice mid-term exams for the rest

 Multiple sequence logical steps

 Newton solves it all

 Review lecture on Wed…

Physics 211: Lecture 28, Pg 2

 Fluids
 What do we mean by “fluids”?
 Fluids are “substances that flow”…. “substances that take the shape of
the container”
 Atoms and molecules must be free to move .. No long range correlation
between positions (e.g., not a crystal).
 Gas or liquid, not solid

 What parameters do we use to describe fluids? (here are a couple)

Density kg/m3  m
mass/volume



FYI WATER ~ 1 g/cm3 V

 Pressure N/m2 F
 force/area
p
Athing
or Pascals (Pa) name for same

Physics 211: Lecture 28, Pg 3

 density pressure
 For a given material,  and P connected by Bulk Modulus, B
p Pressure you apply
B
(  V / V ) Fractional V-change
 If you squeeze on it, how much (by what fraction) does it compress.
(Property of the material) (units: same as pressure  Force/Area)

 LIQUID: (nearly) incompressible, large B (density almost “constant”)

 GAS: compressible, small B (density depends a lot on pressure)

Pb
Gas (STP) H 2O Steel

       

Bulk modulus (Pa=N/m2) Why such a wide range?

Physics 211: Lecture 28, Pg 4

 Pressure vs. Depth
Incompressible Fluids (liquids)
 Due to gravity, the pressure p
0

depends on depth in a fluid y1

F1
y2
p
 Consider an imaginary fluid volume (a 1
A
cube, each face having area A) (Same fluid)
p
2

 The sum of all the forces on this volume mg F2

must be ZERO as it is in equilibrium.
» There are three vertical forces:
 The weight (mg)
 The upward force from the pressure F2 - F1 = mg
on the bottom surface (F2)
 The downward force from the
pressure on the top surface (F1)

F2  F1  p2 A  p1 A p2  p1  g ( y2  y1 )
mg   ( y2  y1 ) Ag
Physics 211: Lecture 28, Pg 5
 Pressure vs. Depth (2)
For a fluid in an open container:
• pressure same at a given depth y

independent of the container p(y)

• fluid level is the same everywhere in a

connected container (assuming no surface
forces)
• Why is this so? Why, in equilibrium,
does the pressure below the surface
depend only on depth?

• Imagine a tube that would connect two regions at the same depth.

•If the pressures were different, fluid would flow in the tube!
• However, if fluid did flow, then the system was NOT in equilibrium,
since no equilibrium system will spontaneously leave equilibrium.

Physics 211: Lecture 28, Pg 6

 Lecture 28, ACT 1
 What happens with two different fluids?? Consider a dI
U tube containing liquids of density 1 and 2 as 2
shown: 1
 Compare the densities of the liquids:

I
A) 1 < 2 B) 1 = 2 C) 1 > 2

 If we use the same liquids in a U tube of twice the cross- 2 dII

sectional area as the first, compare the distances between 1
the levels in the two cases (depth of liquid 2 same in both
cases).
II
A) dI < dII B) dI = dII C) dI > dII

Physics 211: Lecture 28, Pg 7

 Lecture 12, ACT 1
dI
d2 2
• At the depth of the interface, the pressures d1
in each side must be equal. p 1

• Since there’s more liquid above this depth on the

left side, that liquid must be less dense!
I
C) 1 > 2

• The pressure depends ONLY on the depth and the density

2 dII
of the fluid. d2
• e.g. consider case I:  p  p d1
d2  d1 
g 2 g1 p 1

p  1 1 
d  d 2  d1    
g   2 1  II
B) dI = dII

Physics 211: Lecture 28, Pg 8

 W1 W2?
Archimedes’ Principle
 Suppose we weigh an object in air and in water.

» Since the pressure at the bottom of the object is

greater than that at the top of the object, the water
exerts a net upward force, the buoyant force, on the
object.
 The buoyant force is equal to the difference in F
1

the pressures times the area.

y1
y2
p
1
A

FB  ( p2  p1)  A  g(y2 - y1)A p

2

F
2

FB  liquidgVliquid  M liquid  g  Wliquid

Therefore, the buoyant force is equal to

the weight of the fluid displaced.
Physics 211: Lecture 28, Pg 9
 Archimedes’ Principle

Free body diagram

Add buoyant force to gravity

 Total force is sum of FB and gravity. y1

F
1
y2
p
1
A

FT   FLUID g(y 2 - y1 )A - m MASS g

p
2

F
2

displaced volume

Therefore, the buoyant force is equal to

the weight of the fluid displaced.
Physics 211: Lecture 28, Pg 10
 Sink or Float?
 The buoyant force is equal to the weight of Objectsthe in water
liquid that is displaced.
 If the buoyant force of a fully submerged object is larger
than the weight of the object, it will float; otherwise it will sink.

FB mg

 We can calculate how much of a floating object will

be submerged in the liquid:
 Object is in equilibrium FB  mg

Physics 211: Lecture 28, Pg 11

 Sink of Float?
y
Object is in equilibrium FB  mg FB mg

liquid  g  Vdispl.   object  g  Vobject

Vdispl.  object

Vobject  liquid

The Tip of The Iceberg: What fraction of an iceberg is submerged?

Vwater displ. ice 917 kg/m3

   90%
Vice  water 1024 kg/m 3

Physics 211: Lecture 28, Pg 12

 Pb
Lecture 28, ACT 2 styrofoam


A l e a d we i g h t i s fa s te n e d to a l a rg e s ty ro f o a m b l o c k a n d t h e c o m b i n a t i o n fl o a ts o n wa te r wi th th e wa te r l e v e l wi t h th e to p o f t h e s ty ro fo a m b l o c k a s s h o wn .

If y o u tu r n th e s ty ro fo a m +Pb u p s i d e d o w n , w h a t h a p p e n s ?

A) It sinks B) styrofoam C) styrofoam

Pb
Pb

Physics 211: Lecture 28, Pg 13

 Pb

Lecture 28, ACT 2 styrofoam

A) It sinks B) styrofoam C) styrofoam

Pb
Pb

 If the object floats right-side up, then it also must float upside-down.
 It displaces the same amount of water in both cases
 The weight of that water equals the total weight of the whole object
 However, when it is upside-down, the Pb displaces some water.
 Therefore the styrofoam must displace less water than it did when it
was right-side up (when the Pb displaced no water).

Physics 211: Lecture 28, Pg 14

At what depth is the water pressure two atmospheres? (It is one
Example Problems
atmosphere at the surface.)

What is the pressure at the bottom of the deepest oceanic trench

(about 104 meters)?
Solution:
d is the depth.
P2 = P1 + gd

2.02105 Pa = 1.01105 Pa
+ 103 kg/m3*9.8m/s2*d
The pressure increases one
d = 10.3 m
atmosphere for every 10 meters.
For d = 104 m:

P2 = 1.01105 Pa + 103 kg/m3*9.8m/s2*104 m This assumes that water is

incompressible.
= 9.81107 Pa = 971 Atm
If water were compressible, would the pressure at the bottom of the ocean be
greater or smaller than the result of this calculation?

Physics 211: Lecture 28, Pg 15

 Example Problems (2)
Have you ever tried to submerge a beach ball (r = 50 cm) in a swimming pool? It’s
difficult. How big a downward force must you exert to get it completely underwater?

Solution:
F = g4r3/3 = 5131 N I’m ignoring the weight of the beach ball.

= 523 kg*g The force is the weight of a 523 kg object.

Physics 211: Lecture 28, Pg 16

 More Fun With Bouyancy

Cup I Cup II
Two cups ar e f iled t o t he sam e leve l wit h w at er . O n e of t he t wo c ups ha s plas t ic ba ls f loa t ing in it . Which cup weighs m or e?

 Archimedes principle tells us that the cups weigh the same.

 Each plastic ball displaces an amount of water that is exactly
equal to its own weight.

Physics 211: Lecture 28, Pg 17

 Still More Fun!
 A plastic ball floats in a cup of water with half of its volume
submerged. Oil (oil < ball <water) is slowly added to the
container until it just covers the ball. l
oi

 Relative to the water level, the ball moves up. Why?

water

 For oil to cover the ball, the ball must have “displaced” some oil.
 Therefore, the buoyant force on the ball increases.
 Therefore, the ball moves up (relative to the water).
 Note that we assume the bouyant force of the air on the ball is
negligible (it is!); the bouyant force of the oil is not.

Physics 211: Lecture 28, Pg 18

 Pascal’s Principle
 S o far we have discovered (using Newton’s Laws):
 Pressure depends on depth: p = gy
 Si nce pressure depends on depth, an object in a liquid experi ences an upward buoyant f orce:FB = W l i q u i d dis pla c ed

 P ascal’s Principle addresses how a change i n pressure is transmit ted through a fluid.

F1 F2

d2
d1

A1 A2

Physics 211: Lecture 28, Pg 19

 Pascal’s Principle:
Hydraulic jack

Any change in the pressure applied to an

enclosed fluid is transmitted to every portion
of the fluid and to the walls of the containing
vessel.

 Pascal’s Principle is most often applied to incompressible fluids

(liquids):
 Increasing p at any depth (including the surface) gives the same
increase in p at any other depth

 Hydraulic lifts
Physics 211: Lecture 28, Pg 20
 Pascal’s Principle (2) F1 F2

 Consider the system shown:

 A downward force F is applied to the piston
1
of area A1. d2
 This force is transmitted through the liquid d1
to create an upward force F2.
 Pascal’s Principle says that increased
pressure from F1 P=(F1/A1) is A1 A2
transmitted throughout the liquid.

F1 F A2
 2 F2  F1
A1 A2 A1

Check that F•d is the same on both sides.

Displaced volumes are the same, so… d 2  d1 A1 A2
Works like
F1d1  F2 d 2 energy conserved
a lever…
Physics 211: Lecture 28, Pg 21
 Lecture 28, ACT 3

dA M

 Consider the systems shown to the right.

 In each case, a block of mass M is
placed on the piston of the large A1 A10
cylinder, resulting in a difference di
between the liquid levels.
» If A2 = 2A1, compare dA and dB.
dB M

A2 A10

A) dA = (1/2)dB B) dA = dB C) dA = 2dB

Physics 211: Lecture 28, Pg 22

 Lecture 28, ACT 3
Solution
dA M
 The change in pressure P = (Mg/A10) is
transmitted to the small cylinder in
both cases. A1 A10
 The pressure at the level of the top of
the fluid in the big cylinder must equal
the pressure at the same absolute
height (right across) in the smaller dB M
cylinders (depends on height)
 This change in pressure determines
the change in levels. A2 A10
 P = (A1dAg/A1) = (A2dBg/A2)
 The area of the small cylinders cancels
in these formulae
B) dA = dB
 P = (dAg) = (dBg) = (Mg/A10)

Physics 211: Lecture 28, Pg 23

 Using Fluids to Measure Pressure

• Use Barometer to measure Absolute Pressure vacuum

p=0
 Top of tube evacuated (p=0)
Barometer
 Bottom of tube submerged into pool of mercury h
open to atmosphere (p=p0) atmosphere

p0 p=p
 Pressure dependence on depth: h  0

g

• Use Manometer to measure Gauge Pressure Manometer

 Measure pressure of volume (p1) relative to the p1 p0
atmospheric pressure ( gauge pressure )
 The height difference (h) measures the gauge h
pressure: ( p  p0 )
h  1
g
1 atm = 760 mm (29.9 in) Hg
= 10.3 m (33.8 ft) H20
Physics 211: Lecture 28, Pg 24
 Recap of Today’s Lecture
 Description of Fluids at Rest
 Pressure vs Depth (Text: 13-2)

 Archimedes Principle: objects in a fluid (Text: 13-3)

 Pascal’s Principle: hydraulic forces (Text: 13-2)

 Look at textbook problems Ch. 13 #7, 27, 31, 39, 47

Physics 211: Lecture 28, Pg 25