THOERY OF MECHANISMS

AND MACHINES
Module-09
Gears
Instructed by:

Anupam Saxena
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
anupams@iitk.ac.in
FB 361
Prepared by:
Abhishek Attal, Abhishek Sharma
Final Year Dual Degree Student
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
attalab@iitk.ac.in abhishr@iitk.ac.in
NL-312, FB369
 Gears (Higher Pair)
Type of Gears

Nomenclature

Gear Construction

Involute Profile

Gear Trains

Examples, problems and questions

 Types of Gears
According to the position of axes of the shafts
Parallel
Spur
Helical
Rack and Pinion
Intersecting
Bevel Gear
Non intersecting
Worm and worm wheel
 Spur Gears
Used in transmitting torque between parallel shafts

Simplest type

Teeth are cut parallel to shaft axis

Easy to manufacture

If one of the gears has infinite diameter,

Rack and pinion arrangement

 Helical Gear
Used in transmitting torque between parallel shafts

Teeth are cut at an angle with the shaft axis

Helical gears can be meshed in parallel or crossed orientations.

The angled teeth engage more gradually than spur gear teeth,

causing them to run more smoothly and quietly

Double Helical gear

 Bevel Gears
Used to transmit rotary motion between intersecting shafts

Tooth-bearing faces of the gears are conically shaped

Bevel gears are most often mounted on shafts that are

90 degrees apart, but can be designed to work at other
angles as well.

The pitch surface of bevel gears is a cone

 Worm and Worm Gear

Used for high Gear ratios

Direction of transmission (input shaft vs output shaft)

is not reversible when using large reduction ratios

Used in wiper motors

 Fundamental Law of Gearing
The condition to maintain a constant angular velocity ratio between
two gears is that the common normal at the point of contact should
meet the line joining the centers at a fixed point.
 Terminology (Spur?)
Pinion and wheel: small pinion, large wheel
Pitch Curve: theoretical curve along which gear rolls (without slipping)
Circular Pitch: distance measured along
the pitch circle from one point of tooth to
the corresponding point in adjacent tooth
Diametral Pitch: no. of teeth per unit
length of the PCD
Module: inverse of Diametral pitch
Addendum: radial distance b/w PC and top
land
Dedendum: radial distance b/w PC and bottom land
Clearance: amount by which dedendum of gear
exceeds the addendum of the mating gear
 Equations

=


=


=

=
= 1.25
1 1
=
2 2
 Involute Profile
Curve traced by a point on a string unwrapping
from a cylinder is involute profile
 Pressure Angle

Common normal to the mating tooth curves at

the point of contact makes a constant angle with

the common tangent to the pitch circles passing

through the pitch point. This angle is called

pressure angle.
 Primary Gear Characteristics
Pressure angle/ tooth profile

Face Width

Gear ratio or number of teeth on both gears

Centre to centre distance

Module