APA

American Psychological
Association
 Two Locations for APA Citations

In-text citations for each source placed within

your papers paragraphs

Full descriptions of your sources on a

References page at the end of your essay
 Lets look at
in-text citations
first.
 APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS
Provide:
Authors last name
Date of the publication

For direct quotations a page number is also given.

For summaries and paraphrases
a page number is given as well,
if doing so will aid the reader.

NOTE: APA style requires the use of the past tense or the present perfect
tense in signal phrases introducing cited material:
Smith (2003) reported, Smith (2003) has argued
In-text Citations for Direct
Quotation
Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the authors
last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses. Put the
page number (preceded by p.) in parentheses after the quotation.

Example:
Hart (1996) wrote that some primatologist wondered if apes had learned
Language, with a capital L (p. 109).

If the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the authors last name,
the year, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation: (Hart,
1996, p. 109).
Using Direct Quotes

When quoting, always provide the

author, year, and specific page
citation in the text, and include a
complete reference in the
reference list.
Enough with the
descriptions.

Examples, please!
 Quotation 1

She stated, The placebo effect . . . disappeared

when behaviors were studied in this manner (Miele,
1993, p. 276), but she did not clarify which behaviors
were studied.
 Quotation 2

Miele (1993) found that the placebo effect, which

had been verified in previous studies, disappeared
when [only the first groups] behaviors were studied
in this manner (p. 276).
 Quotation 3
(Block Quotations 40 words or more)

Miele (1993) found the following:

The placebo effect, which had been verified
in previous studies, disappeared when
behaviors were studied in this manner.
Furthermore, the behaviors were never
exhibited again, even when real drugs were
administered. Earlier studies were clearly
premature in attributing the results to a
placebo effect. (p. 276)
What if I paraphrase the work of another
writer instead of directly quoting her?
Summary or Paraphrase
Include the authors last name and the date either in a signal phrase
introducing the material or in parentheses following it. A page number
is not required for a summary or a paraphrase, but include one if it
would help readers find the passage in a long work.

Examples:
According to Hart (1996), researchers took Terraces conclusions
seriously, and funding for language experiments soon declined.

Researchers took Terraces conclusion seriously, and funding for

language experiments soon declined (Hart, 1996).
Im starting
to get it.

Bring on
more
details!
 Two Authors
Name both authors in the signal phrase or parentheses each
time you cite the work. In the parentheses, use &
between the authors names; in the signal phrase, use
and.

Examples:
Greenfield and Savage (1990) have acknowledged that Kanzis linguistic
development was slower than that of a human child (p. 567).

Kanzis linguistic development was slower than that of a human child

(Greenfield & Savage, 1990, p. 567).
 Unknown Author
Mention the works title in the signal phrase or give the
first word or two of the title in the parenthetical citation.
Titles of articles and chapters are put in quotation
marks; titles of books and reports are italicized.

Example:

A team of researchers in Africa has concluded that

many chimpanzee behaviors are cultural, not just
responses to environmental factors (Chimps, 1999).
Electronic Documents

When possible, cite an electronic document

as you would any other document (using the
author-date style).
Example:

Fouts and Smith (1999) have explained one

benefit of ape language research: It has
shown us how to teach children with
linguistic disabilities.
Unknown author: mention the title of the document in a signal phrase or give the
first word or two of the title in parentheses.
Example: According to a BBC article, chimpanzees at sites in West Africa, Tanzania,
and Uganda exhibit culture-specific patterns of behavior when grooming one another
(Chimps, 1999).

Unknown date: use the abbreviation n.d. (for no date).

Example: Attempts to return sign-language-using apes to the wild have had mixed
results (Smith, n.d.).

No page numbers: If the electronic document has numbered paragraphs, use the
paragraph number preceded by the abbreviation para.: (Hall, 2001, para. 5). If
neither a page nor a paragraph number is given and the document contains headings,
cite the appropriate heading and indicate which paragraph under that heading you
are referring to.
Example: According to Kirby (1999), some critics have accused activists in the Great
Ape Project of exaggerating the supposed similarities of the apes [to humans] to
stop their use in experiments (Shared Path section, para. 6).
In-text citations will take some
practice. You also mentioned a
References page.
Whats that?
 APA
REFERENCES page
Alphabetize entries in the list of references by authors last
names; if a work has no author, alphabetize it by its title.
Use hanging indents (1st line flush left and additional ones one-
half inch.
Invert all authors names and use initials instead of first names.
Two or more authors? Separate with commas and use & before
last authors name.
Italicize titles of books and names of magazines.
Capitalize only the first word of titles and proper nouns.
Use p. and pp. for newspaper entries.
http://ww2.usj.edu/PDF/CAE/apareferencepage_6th_ed.pdf
APA citation:
in-text
References page

Got it!