Arthrology

By
Dr .N.satyanarayana.
Faculty of medicine.
Department of Anatomy.
Aimst university.
Articulations: The site where 2 or more bones
meet.
Long bones-ariculate-ends.
Flat bones-by margins.
Irregular bones by surfaces.
Joints are the weakest part of the skeleton.

Classification
Functional: Amount of movement allowed
1). Synarthroses: Immovable joints
2). Amphiarthrosis: Slightly movable joint
3). Diarthroses: Fully movable joints
 Classification of joints.
A).Synarthroses: solid joints without any cavity.
1.fibrous joints: No movement is permissible.
2.cartilagenous joints: Restricted movement may
take palce.
B).Diarthroses from synovial joints:possess joint
cavity filled with synovial fluid .
Permit free movements.
1.Fibrous
joints

Fig. 9.1 a, M&M

 Fibrous joints
1.Sutures.
Serrate sutures
Denticulate sutures.
Squamous suture.
Plane suture.
Wedge and Groove suture.
2.Syndesmoses.
3.Gomphosis
 Sutures-
serrate suture.

Edges of bones
present saw-tooth
appearance.
Example:
Sagital sutures of skull.
 Denticulate suture.

The margins
present teeth
shape.
Lamdoid
suture.
 Squamous suture.
Edges of bone are
united by over
lapping .
Example :
Between parital bone
and squamous part of
temporal bone.
 Plane suture
The borders are plane
and united by sutural
ligments.
Examples :
Articulation between
palatine process of two
maxille.
 Wedge and groove suture.
The edge of the bone fit
in to the groove of other
bone.
Example:
Between the rostram of
sphenoid and the uppar
margin of vomer.
syndesmoses
 It is a type of fibrous syndesmoses
joint.
The surface of bone are
united by interosseous
ligaments.
Such ligamentspersists
throught life.
Slight movement is Interosseous
possible. membrane
(syndesmosis)
Example :
Inferior tibio fibular
joints.
Bones unied by ligament
 (peg and
socket joint)
 enamel

dentin
pulp
gum
Socket of
alveolar
process root of
Peridontal tooth
ligament
(membrane)

Ligaments hold tooth in bony socket

Immovable joint
2.Car tilagenous
Jo i n t s
Classification

Cartilaginous Joints
Bones are united by cartilage
a). Synchondrosis
b). Symphyses
 Lacks a synovial cavity
Bones connected by fibrocartilage or
hyaline cartilage
2 types
- 1.synchondrosis (primary
cartilagenous joint).
- 2.symphyses (secondary
cartilagenous joints)
Synchondrosis
(primary cartilagenous joint).
Immovable Joint
(synchondrosis)
primary
cartilagenous
joint.
 The bones are united
Synchondrosis(primary
by a plate of hyline cartilagenous joint
cartilage.
Cartilage temporary
in nature and
completely replaced
by bone.(synostosis).
No movement is
possible at this joint.
It is primaly
designed for bone.
 Examples.
1. Junction between
epiphysis and diaphysis
of a growing long bone.
2.First chondro-sternal
joint- not
synchondrosis but
synovial.
3. articulation between
basi occiput and basi
spenoid.
Symphyses
(secondary carilagenous joint)
 Symphyses
(secondary
carilagenous
joint)
 Symphyses(secondary carilagenous joint)
Articular surfaces of bones
coverd by hyaline cartilage
and united by plate of
fibrocartilage.
They persist throughout
life.
Occupy median plane of
body.
Limited movement is
possible.
 Examples

1. Intervertibral
disc.
2. Symphysis
pubis.
3.Sterno-
manubrial joint.
 Slightly Movable Joint
(ampharthrosis)

pubic symphysis
Synovial joints
 Features of synovial joints
Covered by-articular cartilage.
Joint present-cavity-filled by synovial fluid.
Joint capsule cavity enveloped byarticular
capsule.-having outer fibrous ,inner synovial
membrane.
Bones are connected by a number of
ligaments.
Joint cavity is divided in to complely or
incompletely by articular disc or mensiscus.
 Components of synovial joints.

Articular cartilage.
Synovial fluid.
Articular capsule.
Synovial membranbe.
Ligaments .
Articular disc or meniscus.
 Articular cartilage:
Most of cartilages are hyaline,bones ossified in
membrane-fibrocartilage.
Articular cartilage is thickest in the centre and
thin at periphery.
If articular cartilage once damaged cannot
replaced by bone.
Replaced by fibrous tissue.
FUNCTION: Provide gliding surface.
Regulate growth of epiphysis.
NUTRITION-From synovial fluid.
 Synovial fluid.
It is viscous ,glairy fluid.
It is a dialysate of blood plasma
+hyaluronic acid added from synovial
membrane.
Cellular contents of fluid-
monocyte,lymphoctes,marcrophages,synovi
al cells,lymphocytes.
Synovial fluid is alkaline in nature.
Functions;Nutrition, lubrication of joint,
 Articular capsule.
It consist of outer fibrous capsule-inner synovial
membrane.
FIBROUS CAPSULE: Compltely invests joint.
Formed by bundles of collagen fibres.
Function:binds articulating bones.
Support the inner surface of synovial membrane
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE: It is highly
vascular,cellular connective tissue membrane.
Lineing inner aspect of the fibrous capsule.
Function:secrete synovial fluid,liberate hyaluronic
acid,removes particulat matter.
 Ligaments

The ligaments of synovial joints are produced by

thickening of collogen fibres of fibrous capsule.
They may be extra capsular, intracapsular.
Some ligaments are produced by degeneration of
tendons of muscle.
Function :permits desirable movements,prevent
undesirable movement.
Maintain stability of joint.
Ligaments
 Articular disc or meniscus.
Articular disc divides the joint cavity in to two
compartments.
Periferally they attached to the fibrous capsule.
Articular cartilage is made up of fibro cartilagenous.
Function: Helps in lubrication of joint by
maintaining space.
Helps in gliding movements.
It prevents wear and tear of articular cartilage.
 Classification of synovial joints.

1.According to number of articulating bones-

Simple synovial joints: only two bones enter in
articulation. exm; inter phalangeal joints.
Compound synovial joints: two articular bones are
involved involved, sharing common articular
capsule.
Complex synovial joints: joint cavity divided in to
two compartments by atricular dic or meniscus.
 According to the axis of movement.

A) Uniaxial joints.
B) Bi-Axial joints.
C) Poly-axial joints.
D ) Plane joints.
(diarthrosis)- freely moveable

pelvis

ligaments

femur
 joint
capsule pelvis

hyaline
cartilage synovial
cavity
femur
Shoulder joint
 Complex Joint
Articular disc
Gliding above disc
Hinge below disc
Movements:
- depression
- elevation
- protraction
- retraction
UNIAXIAL JOINT
UNIAXIAL JOINT:One degree
freedom of movement.
They are 3 types.
1.Hinge joint or ginglymus joint.
2.Pivot joint or Trochoid joint.
3.condylar joint
 Convex surface of bone fits in concave
surface of 2nd bone ,Movement-transvers axis.
Unixlateral like a door hinge,
The bones are united by strong collateral
ligments.
Examples:
- Knee, elbow, ankle, interphalangeal joints
Movements produced:
- flexion
- extension
- hyperextension
 Rounded surface of bone articulates
with the ring formed by the 2nd bone &
ligament
Monoaxial since it only allows rotation
around Transverse axis.
Examples:
- proximal radioulnar joint
- supination
- pronation
- atlanto-axial joint
- Turning head side to side no
 Oval-shaped depression fits into oval
depression, Transeverse axis movement.
Biaxial= flex/extend or adduct/abduct is
possible
Examples:
- Wrist and metacarpophelangeal joints for
2 to 5 digits
- Knee joint,temporo-mandibular joint.
 Complex Joint
Articular disc
Gliding above disc
Hinge below disc
Movements:
- depression
- elevation
- protraction
- retraction
Bi-axial joints.
 Bi-axial joints

These joints have two degree

freedom of movements.
1.Elipsoid joint.
2.Saddle joint.
 Elipsoid joint.
One articular surface is convex and elliptical in out
line.
Other articulr surface is concave.
Movements take place around transverse axis and
anterio-posterior axes.
Movements :
Flexion,extention,adduction,abduction,rotation and
circumduction.
Example:radiocarpal joint,atalnto occipital joint.
 One bone saddle-shaped, other bone
fits like a person riding on the saddle
Biaxial
- circumduction allows the tip of the
thumb to travel in a circle
- Opposition allows thumb to touch
tip of other fingers
Examples:
- Trapezium of carpus and
metacarple of thumb.
- -sternoclavicular joint.
POLY-AXIAL JOINTS.
 Ball fitting into a cup-like depression
Multiaxial
- flexion/extension
- abduction/adduction
- rotation
Examples:
- shoulder joint
- hip joint
 Bone surfaces are slightly curved
Side to side movement only
Rotation prevented by ligaments
Examples:
- intercarpal to intertarsal joints
- sternoclavicular joint
- vertebrocostal joints
Shoulder joint
 Complex Joint
Articular disc
Gliding above disc
Hinge below disc
Movements:
- depression
- elevation
- protraction
- retraction
 Figure 8.5a Movements allowed
by synovial joints.

Gliding

(a) Gliding movements at the wrist

 Hyperextension Extension

Figure 8.5b Movements allowed

Flexion

by synovial joints.

(b) Angular movements: flexion, extension, and

hyperextension of the neck
 Extension

FigureHyperextension
8.5c Movements
Flexion allowed
by synovial joints.

(c) Angular movements: flexion, extension, and

hyperextension of the vertebral column
 Flexion Extension

Figure 8.5d Movements allowed

Flexion
by synovial joints.

Extension

(d) Angular movements: flexion and extension at the

shoulder and knee
 Abduction
Figure 8.5e Movements allowed
by synovial joints.
Adduction Circumduction

(e) Angular movements: abduction, adduction, and

circumduction of the upper limb at the shoulder
 Rotation

Figure 8.5f Movements allowed

by synovial joints.
Lateral
rotation
Medial
rotation

(f) Rotation of the head, neck, and lower limb

 Pronation Supination
(radius (radius and
rotates ulna are
over ulna) parallel)

Figure 8.6a Special body

movements.

(a) Pronation (P) and supination (S)

 Dorsiflexion

Figure 8.6b Special body

movements.
Plantar flexion

(b) Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

 Figure 8.6c Special body
movements.
Inversion Eversion

(c) Inversion and eversion

 Figure 8.6d Special body
movements.

Protraction Retraction
of mandible of mandible

(d) Protraction and retraction

 Figure 8.6e Special body
movements.
Elevation Depression
of mandible of mandible

(e) Elevation and depression

Opposition
Figure 8.6f Special body
movements.

(f) Opposition
Type of joint movement:
Flexion- bent knee
Extension- extend knee
Hyperextension- bring leg back
Dorsi flexion- heal
Plantar flexion- toe
Abduction- leg out
Adduction-leg in
Rotation- twisting
Circumduction- circular motion
Supination- palm up
Pronation- palm down
Eversion- foot out
Inversion- foot in
Protraction- chin forward
Retraction- chin back
Elevation- shoulders up
Depression- shoulders down
A)The shape of articular surfaces.

B) Ligaments

C) Muscle Tone
 Lyme disease
Ankle sprains and fractures
Osteoarthritis
Gouty Arthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis
 Lyme disease
 Ankle Sprain Type 1
 Ankle Sprain Type 2
 Ankle Sprain Type 3
 Arthroscopy- examination of joint
- instrument size of pencil
- remove torn knee cartilage
- small incisions only

Arthroplasty- replacement of joints

- total hip replaces acetablum & head of
femur
- plastic socket & metal head
- knee replacement common
 Anthroscopy
Examination of Joint
 Anthroplasty
Hip Replacement
Osteoarthritis

Degenerative joint disease

- aging, wear & tear
Non inflammatory
- Only cartilage is affected, not
synovial membrane
Deterioration of cartilage produces
bone spurs
- Restricts movement
Pain upon awakeningdisappears
with movement
Gouty Arthritis

Uric crystals build up in jointspain

- waste products of DNA & RNA
metabolism
- builds up in blood
- deposited in cartilage causing
inflammation and swelling
Bones fuse
Middle-aged men with abnormal gene
Rheumatoid Arthritis

Autoimmune disorder
Cartilage attacked
Inflammation, swelling & pain
Final step is fusion in joint