MGT 300

IT IN BUSINESS
Storing Organizational
Information
PN. INTAN LIANA SUHAIME
 LEARNING OUTCOMES 2

7.1 Define the fundamental concepts of the

relational database model

7.2 Evaluate the advantages of the relational

database model

7.3 Compare relational integrity constraints and

business-critical integrity constraints

7.4 Describe the benefits of a data driven Web site

7.5 Describe the two primary methods for integrating

information across multiple databases
 3

What
is

INFORMATION
 RELATIONAL DATABASE
FUNDAMENTALS
Information is everywhere in an organization

Information is stored in databases

Database maintains information about various types of
objects (inventory), events (transactions), people
(employees), and places (warehouses)
 RELATIONAL DATABASE
FUNDAMENTALS

Database models include:

Hierarchical database model information is organized into a
tree-like structure (using parent/child relationships) in such a way
that it cannot have too many relationships
Network database model a flexible way of representing objects
and their relationships
Relational database model stores information in the form of
logically related two-dimensional tables
 ENTITIES AND ATTRIBUTES
Entity a person, place, thing, transaction, or event
about which information is stored
The rows in each table contain the entities
In Figure 7.1 CUSTOMER includes Daves Sub Shop and Pizza
Palace entities

Attributes (fields, columns) characteristics or

properties of an entity class
The columns in each table contain the attributes
In Figure 7.1 attributes for CUSTOMER include Customer ID,
Customer Name, Contact Name
 KEYS AND RELATIONSHIPS

Primary keys and foreign keys identify the

various entity classes (tables) in the
database

Primary key a field (or group of fields) that

uniquely identifies a given entity in a table
Foreign key a primary key of one table that
appears an attribute in another table and acts
to provide a logical relationship among the two
tables
 KEYS AND RELATIONSHIPS

Potential relational database for Coca-Cola

 RELATIONAL DATABASE
ADVANTAGES

Database advantages from a business perspective

include
Increased flexibility
Increased scalability and performance
Reduced information redundancy
Increased information integrity (quality)
Increased information security
 INCREASED FLEXIBILITY

A well-designed database should:

Handle changes quickly and easily
Provide users with different views
Have only one physical view
Physical view deals with the physical storage of information
on a storage device
Have multiple logical views
Logical view focuses on how users logically access
information
 INCREASED SCALABILITY AND
PERFORMANCE

A database must scale to meet increased

demand, while maintaining acceptable
performance levels
Scalability refers to how well a system can
adapt to increased demands
Performance measures how quickly a system
performs a certain process or transaction
 REDUCED INFORMATION
REDUNDANCY

Databases reduce information redundancy

Redundancy the duplication of information or
storing the same information in multiple places

Inconsistency is one of the primary problems

with redundant information
 INCREASE INFORMATION
INTEGRITY (QUALITY)

Information integrity measures the quality of

information

Integrity constraint rules that help ensure the

quality of information
Relational integrity constraint
Business-critical integrity constraint
INCREASED INFORMATION SECURITY

Information is an organizational asset and must be

protected

Databases offer several security features including:

Password provides authentication of the user
Access level determines who has access to the
different types of information
Access control determines types of user access, such as
read-only access
 DATABASE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
Database management systems (DBMS)
software through which users and application
programs interact with a database
 DATA-DRIVEN WEB SITES

Data-driven Web sites an interactive Web site

kept constantly updated and relevant to the
needs of its customers through the use of a
database
 DATA-DRIVEN WEB SITE BUSINESS
ADVANTAGES

Development
Content Management
Future Expandability
Minimizing Human Error
Cutting Production and Update Costs
More Efficient
Improved Stability
 DATA-DRIVEN BUSINESS
INTELLIGENCE
BI in a data-driven Web site
 INTEGRATING INFORMATION
AMONG MULTIPLE DATABASES

Integration allows separate systems to

communicate directly with each other
Forward integration takes information entered
into a given system and sends it automatically to
all downstream systems and processes
Backward integration takes information entered
into a given system and sends it automatically to
all upstream systems and processes
 INTEGRATING INFORMATION
AMONG MULTIPLE DATABASES
Forward integration
INTEGRATING INFORMATION
AMONG MULTIPLE DATABASES

Backward integration
INTEGRATING INFORMATION
AMONG MULTIPLE DATABASES

Building a central repository specifically for

integrated information
 OPENING CASE STUDY QUESTIONS
IT TAKES A VILLAGE TO WRITE AN ENCYCLOPEDIA

1. Identify the different types of entity

classes that might be stored in
Wikipedias database

2. Explain why database technology is so

important to Wikipedias business model

3. Explain the difference between logical

and physical views and why logical views
are important to Wikipedias customers
 CHAPTER SEVEN CASE KEEPER OF THE KEYS

Almost 90 million people had their personal

information stolen or lost by organizations
Bank of America: 1.2 million customers
CardSystems: 40 million customers
Citigroup: 3.9 million customers
DSW Shoe Warehouse: 1.4 million customers.
TJX Companies: 45.6 million customers
Wachovia: 676,000 customers
 CHAPTER SEVEN CASE QUESTIONS

1. How many organizations have your personal

information, including your Social Security
number, bank account numbers, and credit
card numbers?

2. What information is stored at your college? Is

there any chance your information could be
hacked and stolen from your college?

3. What can you do to protect yourself from

identity theft?
 CHAPTER SEVEN CASE QUESTIONS

4. Do you agree or disagree with changing laws to hold

the company where the data theft occurred
accountable? Why or why not?

5. What impact would holding the company liable where

the data theft occurred have on large organizations?

6. What impact would holding the company liable where

the data theft occurred have on small business?