Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Solid Waste Management
Solid Waste Management
WASTE
MANAGE-
MENT
EAP 216
DR. NASTAEIN
QAMARUZ ZAMAN
Topics by Dr. Nas
Date Topics
Waste storage?
Purpose and type
Residential
Commercial
Institutional
Municipal
Residential
Residential sources, including, single-family and multifamily dwellings,
low, medium and high rise apartments.
The type of solid wastes generated by this source is food wastes, paper,
cardboard, plastics, textiles, leather, yard wastes, wood, glass, tin cans,
aluminium other metals, ashes, street leaves, special wastes (including
bulky items, consumer electronics, white goods, yard wastes, collected
separately, batteries, oil and tires), household hazardous waste.
Commercial
- Stores, restaurants, markets, office buildings, hotels, motels, print shops,
services station and auto repair shops, are classified as commercial
source.
- Most type of waste generated by commercial sources are paper,
cardboard, plastics, wood, food waste, glass, metal wastes, ashes, special
wastes (including bulky items, consumer electronics, white goods, yard
wastes, collected separately, batteries, oil and tires), hazardous wastes.
Institutional
- Institutional source includes schools, hospitals, prisons, governmental
centers.
- Typical types of solid wastes generated at these sources are paper,
cardboard, plastics, wood, food waste, glass, metal wastes, ashes, special
wastes (including bulky items, consumer electronics, white goods, yard
wastes, collected separately, batteries, oil and tires), and hazardous
wastes.
Municipal Solid wastes
- Municipal solid waste sources comprise the waste generated by
residential source, commercial and institutional sources.
What do you think the solid
waste is composed of?
Mass-Volume analysis
This method of analysis is similar to the above methods with the added
feature that the mass of each load is also recorded. Unless the density
of each waste category is determined separately, the mass distribution
by composition must be derived using average density value.
1 pound (lbs) =
0.45 kg
Try this
Answer in lb/capita.day
Video 2 about waste
Storage
Storage is the immediate stage after generation, or before final disposal or
recycle/reuse. Storage duration depends on the collection process, which
varies from once to twice per week. There are many designs for storing
waste. The table below summarizes the most common containers for solid
waste storage.
Table source: Solid waste management: Principles and practice. By Ramesha
Different categories of storage containers: Chandrappa and Diganta Bhusan Das. Springer, 2012. pp 65
Municipal solid waste storage containers
A? B?
Agenda 21 of the United Nations Conference on
environment and development in Rio de Janeiro in
1992 emphasized that reducing wastes and
maximizing environmentally sound waste reuse and
recycling should be the priorities in waste
management since these not only promote
environmentally sound practices such as resource
recovery, but also reduce the amount of solid waste
directed to landfill sites, and minimize landfill
emissions of methane.
The Penang Solid Waste Management Project
considered four options. The strategy that is
eventually adopted could comprise a combination
of more than one of these alternatives.
(i) Business as usual (BAU)
(ii) Composting option
(iii) Refuse derived fuel option
(iv) Incineration option
In the following Figures 7 -10, identify its waste
treatment technology
The critical issues of this alternative are:
existing landfill capacity in Penang is extremely limited;
once capacity is reached, an existing facility either has to be
expanded or an alternative site found;
either way this represents considerable expense if the landfill
site is to be developed according to best practice;
using landfill to dispose of virtually all solid waste is an
extremely inefficient method of dealing with the problem.
Composting video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yv6gkS7dBkY
The benefits of composting are manifold. They include:
production of a valuable soil amendment or mulch;
removal of compostable materials, a major component, from the
waste stream;
flexibility for implementation at different levels from small backyard
operations to large-scale centralized facilities;
relatively low capital and operating costs;
low-level technology requirements.
Critical issues for composting include:
the capital costs of land acquisition, and construction and
maintenance of composting plant;
the operational costs of collection of biodegradable waste;
the implications of increased frequency of collection;
the challenge of achieving a high participation rate;
the difficulties of establishing markets and marketing effectively;
maintaining quality despite inexperienced staff and variable
feedstock quality;
the nuisance potential of odours and vermin.
If RDF were to be adopted in Penang it would be used as a
technique to complement composting. The critical issues for
the RDF alternative are:
waste separation at source;
removal of toxic items and substances such as batteries;
maintenance of quality and price to meet market expectations;
the need for secure product markets;
high electricity consumption in processing
reliability and air pollution problems in processing plants
Incineration video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JRCuEInRqEY
Advantages of incineration are:
the original volume of the combustible solid waste can be reduced
by 85-95% through incineration;
the process provides for the recovery of energy in the form of heat;
incineration is an efficient way to reduce demand for landfill space
in a heavily populated area;
the technologies employed in mass-burn and RDF-fired incinerators
are well developed.
The critical issues for this option are:
high capital and operating costs make this the most costly option;
skilled staff are required to operate the complex incineration
plants;
a significant amount of the energy generated is consumed by the
use of the air pollution control equipment needed to clean up the
flue gases;
there are concerns about the health effects of hazardous
components of the gaseous and particulate emissions;
the safe disposal of the ash as the end product must be dealt with;
a stable supply of combustible waste of at least 50,000 tonnes per
year is needed to make incineration viable;
the large fraction of solid waste not suitable for incineration that
would still go directly to the landfill
Differentiate between reduce,
reuse and recycle
Video 5
Composting with windrows or enclosed vessels is intended to be an
aerobic (with oxygen) operation that avoids the formation of methane
associated with anaerobic conditions (without oxygen).
When using an anaerobic digestion process, organic waste is treated in an
enclosed vessel.
Often associated with wastewater treatment facilities, anaerobic
digestion will generate methane that can either be flared or used to
generate heat and/or electricity.
Generally speaking, composting is less complex, more forgiving, and less
costly than anaerobic digestion.
Methane is an intended by-product of anaerobic digestion and can be
collected and combusted.
Experience from many jurisdictions shows that composting source
separated organics significantly reduces contamination of the finished
compost, rather than processing mixed MSW with front-end or back-end
separation.
Incineration