Oscillation Motion

Examples

Simple Harmonic Motion

xt A cost

Amplitude Angular Phase

frequency

Period T : Phase increases by 2p :

t 2p t T
2p
T = 2p Period T

1
frequency f cycles/sec. (Hz)
T 2p

2p
Angular frequency 2pf rad/sec.
T
 A sin t
dx
Velocity v
dt
d 2x
Acceleration a 2 2 A cost 2 x
dt
xmax = A
vmax = A
amax = 2A

At t = 0, x(0) = x0 = A cos

v(0) = v0 = A sin
v0
tan
x0
2
v0
A x0
2

y
Analogy of a Circular Motion

t +
xt A cost
x
: Angular frequency (Velocity)
Motion of a Mass Attached to a Spring

Spring force
d 2x
Fs kx ma m 2
dt
k
a x
m
Define k

2

m
d 2x Equation of a simple
2
2
x
dt Harmonic Motion

Assume f t cost
df t
sin t
dt
d 2 f t
2
2
cos t 2
f t
dt

xt A cost

Period 2p m
T 2p
k
1 1 k
Frequency f
T 2p m 2p
 Special Case I

xt A cos t

vt
dx
A sin t
dt
d 2x
at 2 2 A cos t
dt

Special Case II p
2
xt A sin t sin t
v0

vt
dx
A cos t
dt
v0 cos t

d 2x
at 2 v0 sin t
dt
Energy of the Simple Harmonic Oscillator
Total Energy : E K Us
xt A cost k

vt A sin t m

K 12 mv2 12 m2 A2 sin 2 t
12 kA2 sin 2 t

U s 12 kx2 12 kA2 cos 2 t

E K U s 12 kA2 sin 2 t cos 2 t
Total Energy : E K U s 12 mv2 12 kx2 12 kA2

v
m

k 2
A x 2 A2 x 2 v :position dependent

At x = 0, t + = p/ 2
Us 0 E K 12 mvmax
2
12 m2 A2
Example 12.3 Oscillation on a horizontal Surface
m= 0.50 kg, k = 20.0 N/m k
m 40 / sec
(a) A = 3.0 cm = 0.030 m
Total Energy : E K U s 12 kA2
vmax : E 12 mvmax
2
12 kA2 At x = 0

(b) x = 2.0 cm = 0.020 m

Total Energy : E 12 mv2 12 kx2 12 kA2

v
k 2
m
A x 2 A2 x 2
Motion of a Pendulum
d 2s
Ft mg sin m 2
dt
s L
d 2
mL 2 mg sin
dt
d 2 g
sin
dt 2 L

For small ; sin

d 2 g
g
2

dt 2
L L

0 cost
Maximum angular displacement

2p L
T 2p
g
The physical Pendulum

Toque I
Mgd sin
d d 2
I 2 Mgd sin
dt

For a small , sin

d 2 Mgd
2

dt I
Mgd

I
2p I
T 2p
Mgd

I 13 ML2 , d 12 L

Mgd 3g

I 2L
2p 2L
T 2p
3g
Damped Oscillation

Drag Force

R bv

Fx kx bv max
dx d 2x
kx b m 2
dt dt

Solution for b 4mk

xt Aeb 2 m t cost
2
k b

m 2m

02 b 2m
2

0 k m Angular frequency without damping

i.e. b = 0

a : b 4mk Underdamped

b : b 4mk Critically damped

c : b 4mk Overdamped
 dx d 2x
kx b m 2
dt dt
d 2 x b dx k
2
x0
dt m dt m
Trial function x e at
2 b k b k
a a x 0 a2 a 0
m m m m

b m b m2 4k m
a
2
If b m 2 4k m i.e. b 4mk

b 4mk b 2
a i i
2m 2m
General solution

x C1e t it C2 e t it C1e t eit CC12 e it
ei e i
Cf) cos
2
x Aet cost
2
k b
0 b 2m
2 2

m 2m