Heat

Exchangers

13-Nov-17
 S.&T. HX. INFO.

TEMA STANDARD BOOK

(TUBULAR EXCHANGER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION)

PERRY CHEMICAL ENGINEERING HAND BOOK

(CHAPTER -11)

ANY OTHER HEAT TRANSFER THEORY BOOK (KERN)

INTERNET

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 Heat Exchangers

SHELL& TUBES DOUBLE PIPES PLATES AIR COOLERS

U TUBES
INDUCED DRAFT
FLOATING HEAD

FIXED TUBES FORCED DRAFT

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 Heat transfer from one fluid to another
across a surface area.

ASME Section VIII

API 660 - Shell and Tube
API 661 - Air Cooled Heat Exchangers
API 662 - Plate and Frame

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 TEMA Exchanger Classes

Class R
Generally severe requirements of petroleum process applications.

Class C
Generally moderate requirements of commercial and general
process applications.

Class B
For Chemical process applications.

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 TEMA TYPES
FRONT HEAD SHELL TYPES REAR END TYPES

A E L

B F M

C G N

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 TEMA TYPES
FRONT HEAD SHELL TYPES REAR END TYPES

D J S

K T

X U

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 TEMA AEM TYPE HX

AEM Type exchanger,

FIX Tube sheets design, Front head has a removable cover,

Tube side can be inspected & cleaned without unbolting pipe works,
Single shell pass & Tube side can be even or single pass
Application: HC liquid cooling & Heating, Condenser application
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 TEMA BEM TYPE HX

BEM Type Hx
Popular TEMA model, Front & rear head has integral covers,
Fixed tube sheet design, tube side can be mechanically cleaned &
inspected,
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 TEMA AES TYPE Hx

TEMA AES Type HEx.

Popular TEMA model in refinery application,

Removable bundle,
Tube bundle can be replace later stage, Tube side
& shell side can be cleaned mechanically, good for
differential expansion between tubes & shell
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 TEMA NEN Type HX

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 HAIR-PIN TYPE EXCHANGER

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 TEMA CLASSES

Class R this class specify design and

fabrication of unfired shell and tube heat
exchangers for the generally severe requirements
of petroleum and related processing application.
Class C - this class specify design and
fabrication of unfired shell and tube heat
exchangers for the generally moderate
requirements of commercial and general process
application.
Class B - this class specify design and
fabrication of unfired shell and tube heat
exchangers for chemical process services.
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 Heat Exchangers Types &Properties

TYPE OF DESIGN AEU/BEU AEW/BEW AEP/BEP AES/BES AET/BET CEU NEU BEM, NEN
AEL
Relative Cost
3 6 7 8 9 2 1 5 4
(1 is lowest, 9 is highest)

Removable Bundle Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No

Replaceable Bundle Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No

Removable
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No
Bonnet/Channel

Individual Tube
No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes
Replacement
Chemical/ Chemical/ Chemical/ Chemical/ Chemical/ Chemical/
Tube side Cleaning Chemical Chemical Chemical
Mechanical Mechanical Mechanical Mechanical Mechanical Mechanical

Chemical/ Chemical/ Chemical/ Chemical/ Chemical/ Chemical/

Shell side Cleaning Chemical Chemical Chemical
Mechanical Mechanical Mechanical Mechanical Mechanical Mechanical

Double Tube sheet Design Available No No No No Available Available Available Available

Number of Tube side

Even Even Even Even Even Even Even Even/Odd Even/Odd
Passes

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 Double Pipe (Multitube) Heat
Exchanger

Shell
Side

Tube Side

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 FLOATING HEAD

TEMA AES TYPE Hx

CHANNEL
HEAD BONNET
COVER OUT

VENT

CHANNEL
HEAD

TUBE SHELL
SHEET DRAIN
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 U TUBE

TEMA AEU TYPE Hx

OUT

VENT

DRAIN
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 FIXID TUBE

TEMA NEN TYPE Hx

Tube Bundle is completely welded

OUT

DRAIN
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Floating Head Heat Exchanger

TUBE TUBE
HEAD CHANNEL
BUNDLE
COVER HEAD BAFFLE
PLATES
FLOATIN VENT
G HEAD

TUBE DRAIN
SHELL
SHEET
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FLOATING HEAD
DETAILS
Split Rings

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TEST RINGS
PACKING

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U Tube Heat Exchanger

VENT

DRAIN

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 Fixed Tubes Heat Exchanger

Tube Bundle is completely welded

VENT VENT

DRAIN DRAIN

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Reboiler

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 AIR
COOLERS

COLD AIR PASS

THROUGH THE FAN

HOT AIR PASS

THROUGH THE FAN

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 How to control Fluid Temperature

Variable Angle Louvers

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 Louvers Automatic
Controlling gear

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TYPES OF BUNDLE TUBES
ARRANGEMENTS

SQUARE TRIANGLE
ARRANGEMENT ARRANGEMENT
TUBES TUBES

COMPRESSED
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MAXIMUM PLUGGED TUBES
20% TO 25% OF
PASS TUBES NO.

VENT

DRAIN

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MAXIMUM PLUGGED TUBES
20% TO 25% OF
PASS TUBES NO.

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 HYDRAULIC TESTING

Testing fluid

leaking
Tube

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Methods of fluids flow in Heat Exchangers

T1 T1
T2
NOT EFFICIENT AND IS NOT
T2
APPLIED IN INDUSTRY FIELDS t2
t
2

t1 t1
PARALLEL FLOW
COUNTER FLOW

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 HEAT TRANSFER IN HEAT EXCHANGERS

W = Heat Amount kcal/hr

W1 = m 1 * Cp1 ( T2 T1 ) m = Fluid mass flow kg/hr.

W2 = m 2 * Cp2 ( t 2 t 1 ) Cp = Specific heat kj/kg.

T = Absolute Temperature
W1 = W2
m 1 * Cp1 ( T2 T1 ) = m 2 * Cp2 ( t 2 t 1 )

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Tube Hole Layout

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Tube Layout
Dimensions

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Tube Layout Flow direction

Dimensions

O
45 30O

60 O 90O

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BAFFLES TYPE

DOUBLE SEGMENTAL
SEGMENTAL BAFFLES
BAFFLES

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 General Procedure For Designing
HEAT EXCHANGERS

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 Shell & Tube Heat Exchangers most commonly & widely used heat exchangers.

Up to 6000Psig.

Temperatures to 2000 deg F.

First Shell & Tube built approx in 1850.

Fixed Tube sheet, Floating Head & U-tube type most common.

Fixed Tube sheets are welded to the shell.

Floating tube sheets will move in response to thermal & pressure loads.

Stationary head is the one where the fluid first enters the exchanger.

Rear head is the channel or bonnet.

Fixed tube sheet type are less expensive, clearance between shell ID & bundle
less than floating head exchangers.

Up to 16 tube passes are feasible, one pass for complete counter-current low.
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 Disadvantages of Fixed Tube-
sheet Exchangers:
No access to shell side for mechanical cleaning, chemical cleaning OK.

Limited access for inspection.

Difficult & expensive to maintain if corrosion occurs.

Retubing in place is expensive.

May require expansion joint in shell to avoid higher stresses resulting from
tube & shell differential thermal expansion.

Expansion joint often required at start up, shut down or upset conditions & if
steam cleaning is used.

Cost of expansion joint may eliminate cost advantage.

High heat transfer coefficient on shell side can eliminate need for
expansion joint.

Dissimilar metals, consider expansion joint.

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 Floating Head Heat Exchangers
(Split ring type ):
Removable bundles, mech or chemical cleaning possible .

No thermal stress problems.

Easy to replace bundle or shell.

Shell connections need not be broken to remove the bundle.

Drawback
s: Hydro test is more complicated as a test ring is required to detect tube side
leaks.

Shell cover & shell are same diameter.

Up to 1500 psig pressures.

Tube bundle can be removed without breaking the shell cover joints.

Seal strips needed to reduce shell side by passing.

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 Floating Head Heat Exchangers
(Split ring type ):
Removable bundles, mech or chemical cleaning possible .

No thermal stress problems.

Easy to replace bundle or shell.

Shell connections need not be broken to remove the bundle.

Disadvantages:
Sufficient space provided around the periphery of floating tube sheet to
accommodate the bolting.
Larger shell diameter required than split ring type.

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 Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking

Chloride SCC of Type 304 and Type 316 SS as a

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function of chloride concentration and temperature
 Plate Heat Exchanger

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13-Nov-17
 On the Leading Edge
of the Heat Transfer
Industry

Air-Cooled Heat
Exchangers
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www.hudsonproducts.com

Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers

Applications
Industries:
Petrochemical,
Refining and Power
Services:
Condensing or
Cooling
Process Fluids:
Gases, Liquids or
Multiphase Fluids
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 What is an Air Cooled Heat Exchanger?
1

2
9
3 1. Fan
4
5 2. Fan Ring
4 3. Plenum
6 4. Nozzle
7
8
5. Header
Induced Draft
6. Tube Bundle
6

4 7. Drive Assembly
5
4 8. Column Support
3
1
9. Inlet Bell
2

9
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Forced Draft 8
 Operating Principle

Warm Air
Hot Cooled
Process Process
Fluid Fluid

Ambient Air

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Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers

Air Flow Distribution

Forced Draft Induced Draft

Better Use of Surface with Induced Draft

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Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers

Re-circulation

Forced Draft Induced Draft

Higher Outlet Velocities Minimize

Potential Re-circulation Effects

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 Induced Draft Air Coolers

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 Induced Draft Air Coolers

(3-Fan Design)

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 Tube Bundle Components

(Bundle or Section)
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Bundle w/o Adequate Thermal Restraint Relief

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 Rolled Tube to
Tube sheet Connection

Tube sheet

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 Fin Extruded
Types (HY-FIN)

Embedded

Legend
L-Base
Fin Wrap-On
Tube Liner

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Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers

Finned Tubes
Hy-Fin Extruded
- Hudsons design and manufacture

Hy-Fin
Extruded Serrated

Wrap-On

Embedded

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 Fans Types
Available from 5 to 40 feet in diameter

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