Simplex

12/07/21 FOSTIIMA Business School 1
STEP BY STEP GUIDE

1. Formulate the problem
(i) Pick out important information
(ii) Formulate constraints
(iii) Formulate objective function
2. Introduce slack variables
3. Form initial tableau
4. Obtain new tableaux

(i) Identify pivotal column
(ii) Find θ-values
(iii) Identify pivotal row
(iv) Identify pivot
(v) Pivot
5. Get the solution

THE PROBLEM
• A small factory produces two types of toys: cars and
dolls. In the manufacturing process two machines
are used: the moulder and the assembler. A doll
needs 2 hours on the moulder and 1 hour on the
assembler. A car needs 1 hour on the moulder and 1
hour on the assembler. The moulder can be
operated for 16 hours a day and the assembler for 9
hours a day. Each doll gives a profit of Rs.16 and
each car gives a profit of Rs.14. The profit needs to
be maximised.
• How do we formulate this problem?

STEP BY STEP GUIDE
(i) pick out important information
(ii) formulate constraints
(iii) formulate objective function
5. Get the solution

PICKING OUT IMPORTANT
INFORMATION
are used: the moulder and the assembler.
• A doll needs 2 hours on the moulder and 1 hour on

the assembler. A car needs 1 hour on the moulder
and 1 hour on the assembler.
• The moulder can be operated for 16 hours a day and

the assembler for 9 hours a day.
• Each doll gives a profit of Rs.16 and each car gives a

profit of Rs.14.
INFORMATION



profit of Rs.14.
• A doll needs 2 hours on the moulder
and 1 hour on the assembler. A car
needs 1 hour on the moulder and 1
hour on the assembler.

INFORMATION
dolls. In the manufacturing process two machines are
used: the moulder and the assembler.


profit of Rs.14.

• The moulder can be operated for 16 hours a day

and the assembler for 9 hours a day.

STEP BY STEP GUIDE
(i) pick out important information
(ii) formulate constraints
(iii) formulate objective function
5. Get the solution

• The moulder can be operated for 16 hours a day

and the assembler for 9 hours a day.
• Using the decision variables
d = number of dolls
c = number of cars
make two constraints from this information.

FORMING CONSTRAINT 1
THE MOULDER
• A doll needs 2 hours on the moulder and 1
hour on the assembler. A car needs 1 hour
on the moulder and 1 hour on the assembler.
• The moulder can be operated for 16 hours a

day and the assembler for 9 hours a day.
2d + c ≤ 16
FORMING CONSTRAINT 2
The assembler
• A doll needs 2 hours on the moulder and 1

hour on the assembler. A car needs 1 hour
on the moulder and 1 hour on the assembler.
• The moulder can be operated for 16 hours a

day and the assembler for 9 hours a day.
d+c≤9
STEP BY STEP GUIDE
i) pick out important information
ii) formulate constraints
iii) formulate objective function
5. Get the solution

INFORMATION

profit of Rs.14.

FORMING THE OBJECTIVE
FUNCTION
• Each doll gives a profit of Rs.16 and each

car gives a profit of Rs.14.
• Let Z be the total profit; formulate the

objective function

FORMING THE OBJECTIVE
FUNCTION
• Each doll gives a profit of Rs.16 and
each car gives a profit of Rs.14.
Z = 16d + 14c
THE LINEAR PROGRAMMING
PROBLEM
• MAXIMISE Z = 16d + 14c
subject to the constraints:
(i) 2d + c ≤ 16
(ii) d+c≤ 9
(iii) c≥0,d≥0
• VERY IMPORTANT
• DON’T FORGET YOUR NON – NEGATIVITY CONSTRAINTS

!

STEP BY STEP GUIDE
5. Get the solution

INTRODUCING SLACK
VARIABLES
To change inequalities (i) and (ii) into
equations we add slack variables s and t
This gives:
(i) 2d + c + s = 16
(ii) d+c+t = 9

THE NEW LINEAR
PROGRAMMING PROBLEM
• MAXIMISE Z = 16d + 14c + 0s + 0t
subject to the constraints:
2d + c + s + 0t = 16
d + c + 0s + t = 9
c≥0,d≥0,s≥0,t≥0

STEP BY STEP GUIDE
5. Get the solution

We want to put all the information in the
form of a table. This is called the
initial tableau.
To form the initial tableau we need to

change the objective function from
Z = 16d + 14c + 0s + 0t
to
Z – 16d – 14c – 0s – 0t = 0
FORMING THE INITIAL TABLEAU
Label the table with your basic variables, s and
t
and with your non – basic variables, d and c.
BASIC VALUE
VARIABLES
d c s t
s
t
Z
2d + 1c + 1s + 0t = 16
1d + 1c + 0s + 1t = 9
Z – 16d – 14c – 0s – 0t = 0
BASIC VALUE
VARIABLES
d c s t
s 2 1 1 0 16
t 1 1 0 1 9
Z -16 -14 0 0 0
BASIC VALUE
VARIABLES
d c s t
s 2 1 1 0 16
t 1 1 0 1 9
Z -16 -14 0 0 0
This is the objective row

STEP BY STEP GUIDE

(ii) Find θ-values
(iv) Identify pivot
(v) Pivot
3. Get the solution

PIVOTAL COLUMN
• We now need to find where to pivot and we start by
entering the basis by choosing the column with the
most negative entry in the objective row.
BASIC VALUE
VARIABLES
d c s t
s 2 1 1 0 16
t 1 1 0 1 9
Z -16 -14 0 0 0
This is the most negative coefficient with corresponding

variable d and it’s column
12/07/21
is called the pivotal column. 29d
FOSTIIMA Business School
is now called the entering variable.
STEP BY STEP GUIDE

(ii) Find θ-values
(iv) Identify pivot
(v) Pivot
3. Get the solution

FINDING θ-VALUES
• You are now going to find the pivotal row and the leaving variable.
• You need to find θ-values.
1. Identify positive entries in the pivotal column.
2. Divide each entry in value column by the corresponding
positive entry in the pivotal column.
BASIC VALUE
VARIABLES
d c s t
s 2 1 1 0 16
t 1 1 0 1 9
Z -16 -14 0 0 0

STEP BY STEP GUIDE

(ii) Find θ-values
(iv) Identify pivot
(v) Pivot
5. Get the solution

PIVOTAL ROW
• For row (i)   16

2  8
• For row (ii)  = 9

1  9
• The row with the smallest θ-value is called

the pivotal row.
• Here the pivotal row is row (i)

STEP BY STEP GUIDE

(ii) Find θ-values
(iv) Identify pivot
(v) Pivot
5. Get the solution

THE PIVOT
The pivot!
BASIC VALUE
VARIABLES d c s t
s 2 1 1 0 16
The pivotal row t 1 1 0 1 9
Z -16 -14 0 0 0
The pivotal column

STEP BY STEP GUIDE

(ii) Find θ-values
(iv) Identify pivot
(v) Pivot
5. Get a solution

PIVOTING
1. Replace the leaving variable with the
entering variable.
2. Divide all entries in the pivotal row by the

pivot. The pivot becomes 1.
3. Add suitable multiples of the pivotal row to

all other rows until all entries, apart from
the pivot, in the pivotal column are zero.
Step 1 - Replace the leaving variable with the entering variable.
BASIC VALUE
VARIABLES
d c s t
s 2 1 1 0 16
t 1 1 0 1 9
Z -16 -14 0 0 0
Step 2 - Divide all entries in the pivotal row by the pivot. The pivot
becomes 1.
BASIC VALUE
VARIABLES
d c s t
sd 1 1/2 1/2 0 8
t
Z
PIVOTING
BASIC VALUE
VARIABLES
d c s t
s 2 1 1 0 16
t 1 1 0 1 9
Z -16 -14 0 0 0
Step 3 - Add suitable multiples of the pivotal row to all other rows until all
entries, apart from the pivot, in the pivotal column are zero.
row (ii) – ½ row (i)

gives
t 0 1/2 -1/2 1 1

PIVOTING
BASIC VALUE
VARIABLES
d c s t
d 1 1/2 1/2 0 8
tt 0 1/2 -1/2 1 1
Z -16 -14 0 0 0
x16 16 8 8 0 128
0 -6 8 0 128

PIVOTING
BASIC VALUE
VARIABLES
d c s t
d 1 1/2 1/2 0 8
tt 0 1/2 -1/2 1 1
Z

BASIC VALUE
VARIABLES
d c s t
d 1 1/2 1/2 0 8
tt 0 1/2 -1/2 1 1
ZZ 0 -6 8 0 128
This is our second tableau

PIVOTING
• Follow the rules for finding a pivot on
your second tableau.
• Pivot as before.
• Continue this process until there are no
negative entries in the objective row.
• This will be your final tableau. This is
called the optimal tableau.

BASIC
 VALUE
VARIABLES
d c s t
d 1 1/2 1/2 0 8
 tt 0 1/2 -1/2 1 1
ZZ 0 -6 8 0 128
d 1 0 1 -1 7
c 0 1 -1 2 2
Z 0 0 2 12 140
OPTIMAL TABLEAU
BASIC VALUE
VARIABLES
d c s t
d 1 0 1 -1 7
c 0 1 -1 2 2
Z 0 0 2 12 140
• Note there are no negative entries in the

objective row.
• Can you see the solution?

STEP BY STEP GUIDE
5. Get the solution

OBTAINING THE SOLUTION
BASIC VALUE
VARIABLES
d c s t
d 1 0 1 -1 7
c 0 1 -1 2 2
Z 0 0 2 12 140
• Remember that since s and t are now non–basic
variables they are set to zero.
• This corresponds to the solution:
s = 0, t = 0,
d=7
c=2
Z = 140
THE SOLUTION
• Don’t forget to put your solution back
into the context of the problem.
Z = 140
d=7
c=2
• The maximum profit is Rs.140
• To make this profit the factory should
produce 7 dolls and 2 cars.
PIVOTING
BASIC VALUE
VARIABLES
d c s t
s 2 1 1 0 16
t 1 1 0 1 9
Z -16 -14 0 0 0
Step 3 - Add suitable multiples of the pivotal row to all other rows until all
entries, apart from the pivot, in the pivotal column are zero.
row (iii) + 8 row (i)

gives
Z 0 -6 8 0 128

Simplex

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12/07/21 FOSTIIMA Business School 1

STEP BY STEP GUIDE

2. Introduce slack variables

3. Form initial tableau

4. Obtain new tableaux

5. Get the solution

12/07/21 FOSTIIMA Business School 2

• How do we formulate this problem?

12/07/21 FOSTIIMA Business School 3

2. Introduce slack variables

3. Form initial tableau

4. Obtain new tableaux

5. Get the solution

12/07/21 FOSTIIMA Business School 4

• A doll needs 2 hours on the moulder and 1 hour on

• The moulder can be operated for 16 hours a day and

• Each doll gives a profit of Rs.16 and each car gives a

• A doll needs 2 hours on the moulder and 1 hour on

• The moulder can be operated for 16 hours a day and

• Each doll gives a profit of Rs.16 and each car gives a

12/07/21 FOSTIIMA Business School 7

• The moulder can be operated for 16 hours a day and

• Each doll gives a profit of Rs.16 and each car gives a

12/07/21 FOSTIIMA Business School 8

• The moulder can be operated for 16 hours a day

12/07/21 FOSTIIMA Business School 9

2. Introduce slack variables

3. Form initial tableau

4. Obtain new tableaux

5. Get the solution

12/07/21 FOSTIIMA Business School 10

• The moulder can be operated for 16 hours a day

• Using the decision variables

make two constraints from this information.

• The moulder can be operated for 16 hours a

• A doll needs 2 hours on the moulder and 1

• The moulder can be operated for 16 hours a

2. Introduce slack variables

3. Form initial tableau

4. Obtain new tableaux

5. Get the solution

12/07/21 FOSTIIMA Business School 14

• Each doll gives a profit of Rs.16 and each car gives a

12/07/21 FOSTIIMA Business School 15

• Each doll gives a profit of Rs.16 and each

• Let Z be the total profit; formulate the

12/07/21 FOSTIIMA Business School 16

• DON’T FORGET YOUR NON – NEGATIVITY CONSTRAINTS

12/07/21 FOSTIIMA Business School 18

2. Introduce slack variables

3. Form initial tableau

4. Obtain new tableaux

5. Get the solution

12/07/21 FOSTIIMA Business School 19

12/07/21 FOSTIIMA Business School 20

subject to the constraints:

12/07/21 FOSTIIMA Business School 21

2. Introduce slack variables

3. Form initial tableau

4. Obtain new tableaux

5. Get the solution

12/07/21 FOSTIIMA Business School 22